The Epidemiology Of Tuberculosis Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this paper is to inform and educate the reader of the mechanisms that make up the respiratory disease called TB. This paper addresses the history, the survey of the disease, and how it affects the wellness of the human population and its environmental public assistance. This survey ‘s purpose is to analyze and see the epidemiology three, symptoms, diagnostic trial, isolation, intervention, Koch ‘s Postulates, probe, surveillance, and obliteration associated with this respiratory infective disease. The Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Tuberculosis ( TB ) is a extremely contagious disease that if non treated, can be fatal. This infection is known for originating in the lungs, nevertheless it has the possible to impact any and all of the organic structure. The tubercle B or Mycobacterium TB is the bacterial micro-organism the causes TB ( Schiffman, 2010 ) . Scientist have traced TB every bit far as 2400 BC in spinal fragments of Egyptian mas and 750 BC in castanetss found in South American ( Medical News, 2010 ) . Throughout the old ages of find of this disease, there have been many names associated with Terbium: white pestilence, ingestion, awful disease, and the male monarch ‘s immorality. The nineteenth century, the generation of the industrial revolution conflicted with a deathly eruption of TB that killed one out of every seven persons infected with the bacterial infection in Europe. Finally this contagious unwellness spread to the United States as the big metropoliss became overpopulated ( Endreszi, 2009 ) . Present twenty-four hours, worldwide, there is more than 2 billion infected with TB. In 2007, there was â€Å" 1.77 million † TB related deceases ( World Health Organization [ WHO ] , 2009 ) . Our society has so many possible countries of increased hazard for the development of TB. The Center for Disease Control ( CDC ) reports that in 2009 there were â€Å" 11,540 TB ( TB ) instances reported in the United States † which is a lessening of 4.2 % in 2008 ( Center for Disease Control, 2010 ) . Hazard of continuance of TB involve HIV unwellnesss, in-migration of individuals from countries with high incidence of TB, and the transmittal of TB in high hazard environments, such as homeless shelters, infirmaries, and correctional installations. These same environments are now describing multi-drug immune TB ( MDR TB ) and extensively drug immune TB ( XDR-TB ) with an addition in decease rates. MDR TB histories for â€Å" 5 % † of the reported TB instances, † 27 sta tes † make up â€Å" 85 % of all MDR TB instances, † ( WHO, 2009 ) and 58 states have been confirmed to hold XDR-TB ( WHO, 2010 ) . The purpose of this survey is to analyze the epidemiology of TB, Koch ‘s posits, surveillance, control, and obliteration steps related to TB. Epidemiology Triad The â€Å" epidemiological three † is a tool that consists of an agent, host, and an environment used to explicate the spread of disease throughout a community, to place points of intercession to forestall transmittal, and to steer epidemiologic probes ( McMurray, 2007 ) . The agent in this survey is Mycobacterium TB ; an acid fast aerophilic rod that reproduces easy and is hypersensative to heat and ultraviolet visible radiation. TB chiefly effects the respiratory system, nevertheless, it can besides consequence the pericardium, lymph nodes, menges, kidneys, bowels, castanetss, articulations, and generative variety meats ( The Merk Manual, 2010 ) . Tuberculosis, a taking worldwide infective disease slayer, killed 1.7 million in 2009. However, â€Å" the TB decease rate has fallen by 35 % since 1990 † ( WHO, 2010 ) . The transmittal of the Mycobacterium TB is spread from individual to individual by airborne droplets with vehicles being coughing, sneeze, and speaking. The smaller the droplet, the longer it can linger in the air after the septic individual has left the country, leting incease probablity of inspiration by another individual. Passing Terbium from a household member or colleague is more likely than a alien in a shop or on the street ( Reichler, Reves, and Bur, 2002 ) . Mycobacterium TB ( infective disease agent ) is readily spreaded to susceptible worlds ( host ) through respiratory exposure in communal scenes or public assemblages ( environment ) . Persons with impaired unsusceptibilities, such as with diabetes mellitus, malignant neoplastic disease, corticosteroid therapy, and HIV/AIDs are at greatest hazard for geting the bacteria infection. In 2008, some Harvard Epimiology pupils conducted an analysis of 13 separate surveies in respects to diabetic patients and the possible elevat ed hazard for TB. Their analysis found that it is prevelant to concentrate on diabetics as high hazard with possible lessening in TB if diabetes can be controlled ( Jeon and Murray, 2008 ) . Although, peoples with healthy immune systems are susceptible if exposed for a long period of clip, for illustration health care workers. Healthcare staff are continuously exposed to illness in infirmary and extended life installations, which places these professionals at hazard for TB. Early sensing and intervention of the active septic individual is the key to bar of transmittal of TB in the health care puting ( Smeltzer, Bare, & A ; Hinkle, 2007 ) . External factors such as the environment can act upon the affects of the being. There are many environments factors that induce the susceptibleness of the organic structure for TB, such as: ethnic/racial minority, impoverished, homeless, overcrowded lodging, prison systems, and immigrants. The denisity of the bacteria in the air besides dictates t he possible hazard for aqcuiring TB ( Smeltzer, Bare, & A ; Hinkle, 2007 ) . Symptoms Latent TB refers to an person that has been exposed to the bacteria and can transport the being in the lungs without any symptoms of TB. This individual can hold a positive tegument trial, a normal thorax X ray, and a negative phlegm vilification. This person will non experience sick. A individual with active Terbium can hold any, all, or none of the undermentioned symptoms: feeling tired all the clip, weight loss, loss of appetency, chronic cough, febrility, haemoptysis, and or dark workout suits. This individual will hold amphoric breath sounds, the thorax may exhibit obtuseness on percussion, and increased tactile fremitus with cracklings can be aucultated after coughing. These persons frequently feel sick and can easy distribute TB to others. The skin trial on this individual will be positive, and they may hold an unnatural thorax X ray and or a positive phlegm vilification ( Center for Disease Control [ CDC ] , 2010 ) . Diagnostic Trial Several diagnostic surveies are available to be performed to find if Mycobacterium TB is present. First, the Mantoux tegument is performed by shooting 0.1ml of PPD agent subdermally doing a wale to guarantee an accurate reading. Errythema and tangible wale. 5mm is considered a positive reading. Of class, a positive skin trial does non ever intend the individual has active TB and the individual could hold been exposed in the yesteryear. Once a individual trials positive with the Mantoux trial, he or she should obtain other methods to find possible exposure. A new trial, Quantiferon TB gold blood trial is now being used in many infirmaries. This trial is reportedly for valid than the skin trial. A sputum sample is collected after a positive tegument trial to execute an acid-fast B ( AFB ) for civilization. This civilization will find if Mycoacterium is present in the giver of the sample. The 3rd survey requires a chest X ray to be completed. The X ray will be viewed for hempen multitud es and possible lesions or redness related to infection the the upper lobes. A medical rating for TB must include a complete history, chest X ray, and physical scrutiny ( Steadman ‘s Medical Dictionary, 2006 ) . Patients that are likely extended attention installation occupants much have these trials performed prior to arrangement. Anytime a patient has an active instance, that patient must be contained and specific intervention initiated to forestall an eruption of the disease. Isolation A confirmed TB or a susptected verification of the disease warrents isolation of the person to forestall farther transmittal to others. The following are several control methods to diminish the hazard of taint. The first is an inititiation of AFB safeguards instantly for all patients with confirmed or suspected of active TB and who may be infective. AFB suites are a individual private room with particular airing systems. Ultraviolet lamps or other methods may be used to supplement airing. The 2nd step is to put up a personal protective equipment ( PPE ) station outside the room. This station provides N95 disposable peculiar inhalators that each individual necessitating to come in room is required to wear prior to capture into room. These mask require a FIT trial to guarantee right size is used for each individual. The 3rd step, is isolation safeguards should be continued until there is a lessening in the beings on a phlegm vilification or clinical grounds of reduced infection. Fourth step, if any grounds of medicine opposition maintain AFB safeguards ongoing until there is a negative phlegm vilification. Particular safeguards should besides be initiated when bring oning a cough for smear sample ( Smeltzer, Bare, & A ; Hinkle, 2007 ) . Treatment Originating intervention without hold is the lone manner TB can be cured. Specialized intervention is based on whether TB is an active disease or merely an infections. Person who has been infected but does non hold the disease may necessitate preventative therapy merely. This preventative therapy is designed to kill the sources that have the possible to do injury. Preventive therapy is normally a prescription for a day-to-day dosage of INH, which is an cheap TB medicine. This preventative therapy last for nine months, with periodic medical examinations to guarantee the medicine is being taken right. Active Terbium instances require intervention with effectual drugs, such as: INH, Rifadin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol ( WHO, 2009 ) . The intervention regiman entales an initial two month intervention stage followed by a continuance stage. The continuance stage is suggested to last four months for the bulk of patients but can be extended to seven for a sum of nine months. All TB medicin es should be taken together alternatively of divided doses ( Center for Disease Control, 2003 ) . Taking the medicines right is really of import due to if taken falsely patient can go ill and the TB will be more hard to bring around as it becomes drug immune. Multi-drug immune TB ( MDR TB ) is highly unsafe as the bacterium becomes immune to the medicine used to handle the TB, which makes the intervention uneffective. MDR TB is by and large due to the being going restistant to the INH or Rifadin, which are the two most of import anti-TB medicines. Directly oserved therapy ( DOT ) is utilised to guarantee that the patients adhere to the therapy set up for them. DOT is active when a designated individual watches the patient swallow each dosage of medicine. This is a recommend pattern for all patients due to unable to find who will be compliant and who will non ( WHO, 2008 ) . Koch ‘s Postulates â€Å" In 1890, the German doctor and bacteriologist, Robert Koch, released his famed standards for judgment † if a specific bacterium is the existent cause for a specific disease ( Medicine Internet, 2010 ) . Dr. Koch, over one hundred old ages ago, developed the unequivocal association of Mycobacterium TB and the existent TB disease. The cognition of the extended make up of the bacterium, their actions to the organic structure, their life rhythms, and their transmittal from individual to individual has been studied and observed by scientist over the last century. The tubercolusis bacterium was used by Koch in explicating â€Å" Koch ‘s posits, † the systematic series of stairss proved a specific being was so the cause of the specific disease ( Guyer, neodymium ) . Koch ‘s posits are as follows: The bacterium must be present in every instance of the disease. The bacterium must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure civilization. The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure civilization of the bacterium is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host. The bacterium must be recovered from the by experimentation septic host. In order to happen â€Å" fulfillment † of Koch ‘s posits it is still a demand for tie ining an infective agent with a disease ( Medicine Internet, 2010 ) . Probe Every province is required to describe active TB instances and suspected instances to the wellness section by the clinician, infection control nurses, or by the pharmaceuticss when the TB medicines are dispensed. Labs are besides required to describe all positive TB vilifications and civilizations. Early coverage is critical to the control of TB and provides the clinicians entree to the resources of the wellness section for aid in instance direction and contact probe. Health sections routinely conduct contact probes for all instances of active pneumonic TB to place secondary instances of active TB and latent TB infection. This action will eleminate a TB epidemic by originating therapy as needed during these probes. Probes are categorized by the sum of exposure to TB the individual obtained. Health section staff notify exposed contacts so that the contact is scheduled for a PPD. A follow up trial is recommend three months from the initial trial or last exposure. All positive contacts are provided a thorax xray, every bit good as immature kids and immunocompromised contacts to find whether they have active TB ( Reichler, Reves, and Bur, 2002 ) . Surveillance Public wellness surveillance â€Å" is the on-going, systematic aggregation, analysis, reading, and airing of wellness informations † ( CDC, 2010 ) . As for any surveillance system, it is a tool for sweetening. This type of tool is to guarantee timely sensing of the exposure to TB. Nurses, by and large the first contact with the wellness attention system, may happen themselves tracking and alarming the proper governments and originating disease containment plans. The constructs of epidemiology, early sensing, and surveillance should be considered ( Veenema & A ; Toke, 2006 ) . World Health Organization 2008 guidelines to cut down TB transmittal: Everyday surveillance of reported instances and supervising results of interventions should be a first line of measuring epidemiology and control. All plans should be strong in the public presentation of the systems used for describing TB instances so the information reflects accurately the true incidence of TB and its tendencies. The rating procedure should be supported by appropriate operational research surveies. The analysis of disaggregated surveillance informations should be encouraged so as to pull out the maximal information of the TB epidemic and the impact of control steps. Appropriate computing machine package should be developed and implemented to better modus operandi recording and coverage. Execution of these specific guidelines prevents a TB eruption from happening. Trailing of septic persons requires uninterrupted supervising through clinics and other health care installations. Factors of import to supervising include the individual ‘s age, the country they reside, and other factors to enter and describe to community. Eradication In 2006, the World Health Organization ( WHO ) launched the new Stop TB Strategy, a planetary program to halt TB. More than 22 million patients have been treated under direct observation therapy-based services, since the initial launch. Over 500 groups and organisations have come together to accomplish this end. The scheme consists of programs to cut down TB prevalence by 50 per centum when compared to 1990 and entire obliteration by 2050 ( World Health Organization, 2006 ) . In the chase to eliminate TB, there are six constituents of the stop TB schemes implemented by the World Health Organization. These are the lineations listed below: Pursue high quality DOTS enlargement and sweetening. Address TB/HIV MDR/XDR- TB and other challenges. Contribute to wellness systems stregthening. Prosecute all health care suppliers. Empower people with T B and community. Enable and promote research. Presently, TB is non a campaigner for obliteration attempts: obliteration is defined as the accomplishment of a position whereby no farther instances of a disease occur anyplace and command steps are unneeded. Equally long as the epdicemic of untreated HIV infection exist and until a concerned attempt is made to command TB in all states, TB will increase despite optimum application of presently available TB control engineerings ( Mississippi Department of Health, 2010 ) . Decision Since 1953, when the first national study came out, TB instances have been on a diminution. â€Å" In entire, 13,779 Terbium instances were reported in the United States in 2006. This represents a 3.1 % diminution in the rate since 2005 † ( Center for Disease Control, 2007 ) . The TB infection rate for foreign born people was 9.5 times greater than U.S. born people. Screening foreign born individuals as they enter in the U.S. will let the individual to profit from curative and preventive steps and greatly cut down the hazard of distributing the infection to others. These steps will include identifying and wholly handling all individuals who have active TB, contact probe to measure all individuals in contact with TB patient to find TB infection or disease for appropriate intervention, and testing the populations at high hazard for TB to turn up individuals infected with TB to supply complete therapy in bar of the investion from come oning to active, infective disease ( Centers for Disease Control, 2010 ) . The CDC indicates that suppliers need developing so they will â€Å" believe TB † in the first topographic point and go more familiar with the advantages of join forcesing with the wellness section. Public wellness staff should happen more effectual schemes to guarantee that suppliers are current and remain current with new guidelines for the diagnosing and intervention of TB ( American Journal of Infection Control [ AJIC ] , 2007 ) .

Pressure

Pressure Definition of Pressure Fluid pressure: Force per unit area exerted by a fluid in a solid wall. Force acts perpendicularly to the surface in contacts. Fluid is a co u d s common word for gas a d/o liquid. o od o and/or qu d Pressure is a scalar quantity. It has the units of: N/m2 or Pa (or kPa) in SI system of units psi in Imperial system of units Pressure can also be expressed in terms of height of a column of liquid List of units of pressure measurements & conversion of units Pascal s Pascal’s law Scalar quantityUnits of Pressure SM(2) Pressure Pressure measurements Absolute pressure Gauge Pressure †¦ divided into three different categories: 1. Absolute pressure – which is defined as the absolute value o pressure (force-per-unit-area) ac g o of p essu e ( o ce pe u a ea) acting on a surface by a fluid. su ace ud Abs. pressure = pressure at a local point of the surface due to fluid – absolute zero of pressure (see page 63 of lecture notes) 2. Gauge pressure – difference between abs. pressure and atmospheric pressure – is always positive 101. 325 kPa or 14. 7 psi Equations Pressure term relationships a –ve gauge pressure is vacuum ve vacuum. Pressure term relationships †¢ Abs pressure = gauge pressure + atm pressure Abs. †¢ Abs. pressure = – gauge pressure + atm pressure (vacuum) > atm < atm SM(3) Pressure Pressure measurements Relation between abs. , gauge and vacuum Absolute pressure Gauge Pressure gauge Equations gauge) Pressure term relationships SM(4) Pressure Pressure term relationships Hydrostatic pressure 3. Differential pressure – measurement of an unknown pressure minus the reference to a o e u e e e ce o another unknown p essu e o pressure. – it is used to measure differential pressure i. . pressure drop (? P) in a fluid system SM(5)Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systems Two types of fluid systems: 1. Static system – in which fluid is at rest F luid pressures Pressure measured i thi system i called static pressure P d in this t is ll d t ti Static pressure system s stem ‘’The pressure at a given depth in a static liquid is The due to its own weight acting on unit area at that depth plus external pressure acting on the surface o the qu d of t e liquid’’ Gauge pressure = ? gh – which i d hi h is dependent j t only on fl id d d t just l fluid density ( ) it (? and distance between below the surface of the liquid h. External pressure – is generally the atmospheric pressure SM(6) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systems Fluid pressures Example: A hydraulic pump used to lift a car: when a small force f is applied to a small area a of a movable piston it creates a pressure P = f/a. This pressure is transmitted to and acts on a larger movable piston of area A which is then used to lift a car. Static pressure p Lesson: Pressure along the horizontal line always remains the same for uni form singly fluid SM(7) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systemsFluid pressures Example: If the height of the fluid's surface above the bottom of the five fluid s vessels is the same, in which vessel is the pressure of the fluid on the bottom of the vessel the greatest ? The amount of liquid in each vessel is not necessarily the same. y Answer: The pressure P is the same on the bottom of each vessel. Gauge pressure =F Force/Area /A = ? (hA)g/A = ? gh ‘’For gases: the pressure increase in the fluid due to increase in height is negligible because the density (thus, weight) of the fluid is relatively much smaller compared to the pressure being applied to the system’’.In other words, p = ? gh shows pressure is independent of the fact that the wt. of liquid in each vessel is different. This situation is referred to SM(8) as HYDROSTATIC PARADOX. Static pressure p Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Pressure term relationships Two types of fluid systems: 2. Dynamic pressure system Dynamic pressure system – more complex and diffi lt t measure l d difficult to – pressure measured in this system is called dynamic pressure – three terms are defined here 1. static pressure, 2. dynamic p p y pressure 3. total pressure SM(9) Fluid systems and Fluid pressuresDynamic pressure system Pitot tube Total pressure/Stagn p g ation press. Steady-state dynamic systems – Static pressure can be measured accurately by tapping into the fluid s ea (po A) e u d stream (point ) – total pressure (or stagnation pressure) can be measured by inserting Pitot tube into the fluid stream (point B) –;gt; total pressure (or stagnation pressure) = static pressure+ dynamic pressure SM(10) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Dynamic pressure system Pitot tube Total pressure/Stagn p g ation press. SM(11) Problems 1. The diameters of ram and plunger of an hydraulic press are 200 mm and 30 mm, respectively.Find the weight by the hydraul ic press when the force applied at the plunger is 400 N. Solution: Diameter of the ram, D = 200 mm = 0. 2 m Dia. of plunger, d = 30 mm = 0. 03 m p g , Force on the plunger, F = 400 N Load lifted, W: Area of ram, A = (pi/4)*D2 = 0. 0314 m2 Since the intensity of pressure will be Area of plunger, equally transmitted (due to Pascal’s Pascal s 4 a= ( i/4)*d2 = 7 068 * 10-4 m2 (pi/4)*d 7. 068 law), therefore the intensity of Intensity of pressure due to plunger, pressure at the ram is also = p = 5. 66 * 10-5 N/m2 p = F/a = 400 / 7. 068 * 10-4 But the intensity of pressure at the = 5. 6 * 105 N/m2 ram = Weight /Area of ram = W/A = Therefore, W/0. 0314 = 5. 66 * 10-5 W/0. 0314 or W = 17. 77 * 103 N = 17. 77 kN SM(12) Problems 2. For the hydraulic jack shown here find the load lifted by the large piston when a force of 400 N is applied on the small piston. Assume the specific weight of th li id i th j k i 9810 N/ 3. i ht f the liquid in the jack is N/m Solution: Diameter of small pis ton, d = 30 mm = 0. 03 m Area of small piston, piston a= (pi/4)*d2 = 7. 068 * 10-4 m2Pressure intensity transmitted to the Diameter of large piston, D = 0. 1 m large piston, 5. 89 * 105 N/m2 Force on the large piston = Pressure intensity * area of large piston 5. 689 * 105 * 7. 854 * 10-3 = 4468 N Area of large piston, A = (pi/4)*D2 = 7. 854 * 10-3 m2 Force on small piston, F = 400 N F ll i t Hence, load lifted by the large piston = 4468 N Load lifted, W: Pressure intensity on small piston, p = F/a = 400 / 7. 068 * 10-4 = 5. 66 * 105 N/m2 Pressure at section LL LL, pLL = F/a + pressure intensity due to height of 300 mm of liquid = F/a + ? gh = 5. 66 * 105 + 9810 * 300/1000 = 5. 689 * 105 N/m2 SM(13) Problems 3. A cylinder of 0. 25 mm dia. and 1. m height is fixed centrally on the top of a large cylinder of 0. 9 m dia. and 0 8 m h i ht B th th cylinders d 0. 8 height. Both the li d are filled with water. Calculate (i) Total pressure at the bottom of the bigger cylinder and cylinder, (ii) Wt. of total vol. of water What is the HYDROSTATIC From the calculations it may be observed that PARADOX between the two results? the total pressure force at the bottom of the cylinder is greater than the wt. of total volume Solution: Area at the bottom, of water contained in the cylinders. A = (pi/4)*0. 92 = 0. 6362 m2 (p ) This is hydrostatic paradox paradox.Intensity of pressure at the bottom p = rgh = 19620 N/m2 Wt. of total vol. of water contained Total pressure force at the bottom in the cylinders, y P = p*A = 19620 * 0. 6362 = W = rgh * volume of water 12482 N = 9810 ((pi/4)*0. 92 *0. 8 *(pi/4) *0. 252*1. 4) SM(14) = 5571 NReferences †¢Transport Phenomena by Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot †¢Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic machines by R K Rajput R. K. †¢http://www. freescale. com/files/sensors/doc/app_note/AN1573. pdf (18 F 10) †¢http://www. ac. wwu. edu/~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Pressure/Hydro Static. html (18 F 10) SM(15)

Business Formation & Securities Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Formation & Securities Law - Essay Example The same act also requires all businesses to file registration statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This registration should include full material facts for investors (HG Legal Directories, 2011). This means that WiDgets &GaDgets has to disclose any important information to realtors who are an important part of their business. The realtors need to know all relevant information about ownership and finances before they make any decision to work with the company. The Small Company Formation Act of 2011 Different states in the U.S. have differing legal requirements for business formation. However, they are all similar in that proper registration of the business must be done before a company is given the go ahead and commence operations in a certain area. WiDgets & GaDgets have to go through the proper registration channels before they are allowed by law to form a business in any one state. Then they also required to comply with the real estate requirements for organizations planning to form businesses in particular areas (HG Legal Directories, 2011). This means that they have to consider the insurance and tenancy laws of the state they want to set up business. It is also important for the organizations to look carefully at the tax requirements for businesses that are situated in certain areas. In some states, businesses located in prime locations are likely to be taxed more than those in other areas (Cox, Hillman and Langevoort, 2009). While looking for the perfect location for business, WiDgets & GaDgets may have to think about the kind of place which will enable the company to make maximum returns while maintaining manageable taxation and expenditure. The securities Exchange Act of 1934 is the legislation that governs the secondary trading of business securities. As an organization that multiple chain stores in different states, WiDgets & GaDgets must

Being a family in Greek and Roman Mythological Period Essay

Being a family in Greek and Roman Mythological Period - Essay Example What is negative is the complexity brought about by fights within the family. This is where the rightfulness of the loyalty shown is tested (Thury and Devinney 56-7). On a deeper perspective, Jung and Freud provide extensive, reflective, and philosophical interpretations of mythology. According to Jung, myths illustrate the ongoing psychic biases of a society. They also contain symbols or images upon which the society has come to perch. Some examples of these archetypes are wise old men (which can be referred to how families see their elderly members), the great earth mother (denotes the typical women’s role of giving birth, etc.), and powerful male sky-god (demonstrates how males are seen in the society). Jung also describes the Electra complex that shows the first sexual feelings of a daughter is towards the father, thus developing hatred and jealousy towards the mother. Freud has a counterpart theory of this called the Oedipus complex that says the first sexual feelings of a male child is directed towards his mother, which results also in hatred and jealousy directed towards the rival --- the father (Bowlby 13-5). These theories are demonstrated in several myths.

Was Afghanistan Invasion of 1979 and Occasion and not the Cause of the Essay

Was Afghanistan Invasion of 1979 and Occasion and not the Cause of the End of Detente - Essay Example Among these treaties and agreements were the SALT 1, SALT II and the Helsinki Agreement which committed both countries to stop the production of missiles and nuclear weapons4. In 1979, Soviet invaded Afghanistan and this led to the total breakdown of the detente5. However, I consider that Afghanistan invasion as an occasion but not the ultimate cause to the end of detente. This is informed by an evaluation of the causes of Afghanistan invasion and the relations between the two superpowers preceding the invasion. Causes of Afghanistan Invasion In 1779 After the end of the Second World War, United States and Soviet Union were engrossed in arms race. Consequently, the two nations decided to come to start negotiations to limit the number of missiles and nuclear weapons that they could keep. These negotiations were held in two phases; SALT I which ran from 1969 to 1972 which culminated with the signing of Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty6. This was followed by SALT II which began in 1972 but was never ratified by the US Senate7. United States hoped that through detente, they would have a smooth exit from the Vietnam War8. United States History explains that the two countries viewed detente differently where United States expected that Soviet Union had agreed to a worldwide standoff9. On the other hand, Soviets saw it as their obligation to support revolutions in any part of the world where they considered that there was oppression10. According to United States History, these varying interpretations strained the relationship and detente broke down with Afghanistan invasion in 197911. Some people felt that the attack was an unprovoked invasion of a sovereign nation12. Guide to Russia.com describes that Berlin, Hungary, Cuba and Korea had adopted communism and Afghanistan was seen to following the way13. In December 1979, Soviets paratroopers landed in the capital city; Kabul. The country was already in tension following the prime ministers attempt to introduce western po licies and do away with the Muslim belief14. This had therefore infuriated majority of the Afghanistan since they had a strong Muslim tradition. Consequently, many Muslim leaders had been arrested while others had fled Kabul15. Furthermore, the communist government was also opposed to religion. Consequently, thousands of Muslims in Afghanistan joined a guerrilla force known as Mujahedeen which declared jihad war on all the supporter of the prime minister16. They wanted to overthrow the government. The Soviets came in to support the government of the Afghan but on 27th December, 1979; they shot dead the then prime minister Amin and replaced him with Babrak Kamal17. However, the position of the new leader entirely depended on the support of Russians. The war started but the Russian army could not march the power of the Mujahedeen since they had the knowledge of the terrain and were committed to the jihad war18. United Nations was opposed to the invasion and had called for Russian with drawal from Afghanistan in January of 1980 although the motion was vetoed by Russia. Following the invasion, America introduced a ban on export of grains to Russia, stopped further SALT talks and refused to participate in the Moscow Olympic Games that were due to be held in 198019. America did not intervene in the war since they viewed this as a chance to get intelligence on the Russian weapons in addition to the fact that

Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Systems - Essay Example (Wikipedia, n.d., para.1) A typical manufacturing organization is a system, because it has a structure. Usually an organization consists of parts, which also consist of parts. These parts of the organization are called subsystems. Equipment consists of lathes, production lines, computers, printers, scanners, coffee-machine and so on. Each piece of the equipment in its turn is a complex mechanism that consists of parts, so it also is a system. Buildings in a typical manufacturing organization consist of workshops, floors, windows and elevators, so they are systems also. Every room inside every building can be broken by parts also, so it also is a system. An organizational workflow is also a system, because it consists of such parts as time and financial indicators and appointed resources. Moreover, each workflow has one more division: by inception phase, elaboration phase, construction phase and transition phase. (Kroll and Kruchten, 2003, p.8) So the workflow as a system can be described in two dimensions. An open system can be influenced by events outside of the declared boundaries of a system. A closed system is self-contained: outside events can have no influence upon the system.

Change management and employee motivation strategies for a business Essay

Change management and employee motivation strategies for a business process reengineering cycle - Essay Example The company that is the subject of this research is   ABC Company, a world famous chain of automobile manufacturing company, which is operated in many of the countries. Now at this point of time, the operations are so expanded for the company that the management at the centralized hub feels to facilitate the individual continental operational units so that the whole network can work in a better way. The centralized system is good but the management of the variety of sale points can be more effective if the individual units have the authority. In order to facilitate the individual units of the continents, there is a need of business process re-engineering, which will hold at a larger level, thus affecting many of the areas and departments and the stakeholders including, employees, suppliers, dealers and the customers. The business process re-engineering in which the ABC Company will authorize its units in different continents; there is need of highly mechanized communication system between the individual units so that the network of all the units of the ABC Company can be effective. There will be many of the changes in the internal systems of the company, which will affect the employees’ performance. Therefore, it is highly recommended to facilitate the internal control system and the employees first so that they can be a part of the change, which the company management wants to implement. It will be very difficult for the company employees to adapt and adjust to the new and technological communication system but the training programs can develop them in positive ways. Here the training and the motivation of the employees is highly required. The re-distribution of data means that initially when the whole control of the ABC Company was centralized then the center of the employee data and the other knowledge databases was only in the main office. Now the individual units of the company will have to sort out their relevant files and then store the relevant data and knowledge at their own particular main and centralized office.

File Sharing is Controlled or Controllable by the Law of Copyright Coursework

File Sharing is Controlled or Controllable by the Law of Copyright - Coursework Example The negative side of this picture is that the file sharing technology has destabilized the inducements of the authors, producers, manufacturers, entertainment companies, publishers, and recording firms to make and distribute new works (Harrison, 2006). The empirical studies on the impacts of the incentives for the authors and publishers reveal that the file sharing of music is responsible for the decline in the sales of the industry. However, the reduction in the sales is not solely responsible for the reduced incentives for the authors, producers and entertainment companies to come up with novel efforts (Zentner, 2006). File sharing is has also become an enigma for the markets for concerts, communication infrastructure and electronics industry, for instance the file sharing technology has caused the augmentation of the concert prices. This in turn induces the artists across the world to organize concerts and tour different destinations frequently thereby raising the overall income o f the artists (Borland, 2003). Copyright and P2P File Sharing The file sharing technology described above has such a nature that the implication of the copyright law becomes inevitable. It is worth mentioning that each digital file, text, video or audio, is fixed with the purpose of protecting intellectual property rights no matter it is present on a hard drive, DVD, CD or only present in the RAM (Hall, 2006). The files shared between the two or more users mostly come under the category of copyrighted sharing. The result of file sharing from an end user to another person is categorized as the imitation, redistribution, or a public performance. In terms of copyright law, the word ‘public performance’ refers to the representation of a work to public which is protected by copyright law. According to copyright law, every activity in P2P file sharing involves some type of reproduction, public performance or distribution, thus file sharing technology is suspicious from its be ginning (Boorstin, 2004). Copyright Law and Control over File Sharing It has been more than two centuries that many countries developed unidirectional copyright laws. The intellectual property rights of the authors, publishers, producers and inventors were strengthened over and over again. This trend led towards the increased prices of these commodities for the general public, it also discouraged the consumption of these commodities on the end user level (Varian, 2000). The unidirectional development of copyright laws across the globe widened the gap between the protection of the intellectual property rights and advancement in the technology. Keeping in view the above discussed background, the advent of file sharing has weakened the protection of the copyright laws. Although it is claimed that file sharing has disturbed several creative industries including the music industry yet the empirical studies show little evidence on the disruption of these industries due to file sharing, in stead it seems that the weakness in the copyright laws have benefited the music as well as other creative industries (Zentner, 2006). In order to understand the limitations of the copyright law to control the file sharing, it is essential to know the nuts and bolts of the file sharing. The technology has experienced revolutionary changes in the recent past and this has led the manufacturers of the file sharing software towards the most complicated legal challenges of the date. File sharing is based on computer networks which provide the facility of transfer of data. In these networks, each computer,

The Ukrainian Genocide Essay Example for Free

The Ukrainian Genocide Essay â€Å"Holodomor† means fake famine or slow killing by starvation in Ukrainian. Joseph Stalin, the premier of the Soviet Union, created an artificial famine to destroy the will of the Ukrainian people that sought independence from his rule. This famine lasted for three years killing an estimated seven to ten million people. Ukraine was known as the breadbasket of Europe before this happened. This was one of the worst cases of mass killing ever recorded. It also is one of the worst cases of food, or lack of it, being used as a weapon. Some people to this day ignore the fact that this artificial famine even existed. Ukraine had been under the domination of the Imperial Czars of Russia for two hundred years. Finally freedom had arrived in March of 1917. Some optimistic Ukrainians declared Ukraine to be an independent nation and began to re-establish Kiev, the nation’s capital. However, they did not stay free for long. Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to reclaim Ukraine. Four years of chaos and fighting followed. By the end of 1921 the Soviets were able to crush the Ukrainian people and win the war. Half of Ukraine was then divided up between Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. The rest of Ukraine was kept by the Soviet Union. The Soviets began shipping grain out of Ukraine to satisfy hungry Russians. While the Soviets banqueted, Ukrainians suffered. Then a drought occurred resulting in widespread hunger and popular resentment towards Vladimir Lenin and the Soviets. To lessen this animosity, Lenin lessened his grip on the Ukrainian people and even encouraged a free-market. People started to relax and renewed their interests in independence, folk art, music, and literature. The Soviets began slowly losing control of Ukraine because of this revival. However, when Lenin died Stalin, one of the most cold-blooded humans to ever hold this much power, took over. Stalin thought the gradual loss of Ukraine was completely unacceptable. To crush the free spirited revival he started using the same ruthless methods used on the Soviet Union. In the beginning of 1929 over five thousand Ukrainian scholars, scientists, cultural and religious leaders were arrested with false accusations of planning an armed revolt against the Soviets. Everyone that was arrested was either shot or deported to prison camps where they would be tortured with out a trial. Stalin also disapproved of Ukraine’s system of land management. He began seizing all privately owned farms in a country where eighty percent of its people are farmers. There was a class of farmers called â€Å"kulaks† by the communists. Kulaks were wealthy farmers who made a profit by themselves. Stalin believed that all farms should be collective farms run by the government. Stalin started forcing people to join these collective farms or else they would be classified as Kulaks and put into jails, which began appearing in most Ukrainian villages. By the summer of 1932 eighty percent of Ukraine’s population started working in collective farms. They were afraid of seeing their own children die of starvation so they gave in. He thought that any revolt in the future would be led by the Kulaks so he began destroying them as a class. Kulaks were declared â€Å"enemies of the people† and were left beaten in the streets with out any possessions of their own. The Red army stole all of the kulaks possessions. It was against the law to help Kulaks or their families in any way. Millions of people were put onto railroad boxcars and were shipped to prison camps in the wilderness of Siberia. One-third of the people sent to these camps died because of the horrible conditions. Back in Ukraine things were getting worse and worse each day. Stalin sent out henchman Lazar Kaganovitch to destroy all Ukrainian resistance. He made quota shooting 10,000 innocent Ukrainians weekly. Eighty percent of all intellectuals were executed. Stalin began stealing food that was made from the Ukrainian’s own hands. All farms were raided for any possible food, blankets, cattle, and fuel. The secret police looked for â€Å"hidden grain† under men and women’s clothing. Even the smallest amounts of grain were confiscated. They blocked all railroads and streets so nothing could get in or out of Ukraine. Ukrainians began to quickly die of starvation, cold, and sickness. During the winter of 1932-1933 the famine hit full force. Soon people were eating shoes, belts, tree bark, pets, and some even ate infant children and dead bodies to stay alive. Many begged neighbors for potato skins and other scraps, but they found their neighbors equally starved. There were unbelievably emaciated bodies in the street. I remember all this I was swollen from hunger; my brother was even in the worst condition He was dying; his swollen body was leaking fluid. I was sitting beside him, he was gritting his teeth and kept asking for a cucumber Then he died His dead body had been wrapped in a blanket, the color of this blanket is still in my memory. This is the testimony of Hanna Nelasa, born in Luhansk region. She was one of the few people brave enough to give her testimony about the famine. In Russia it has been made illegal to commemorate this event. To this day people do not know the exact amount of people that died during this tragic time. At the famine’s height 25,000 people were dying per day. They estimate the number of people that died to be around seven to ten million. In the end the Soviet collective farms never succeeded. The livestock were poorly cared for on these farms and the conditions were very unhealthy. Inexperienced young communists ran all the farms. They became jokes throughout Ukraine about how uneducated they were on simple things like farming and cleaning. An American Journalist wrote this horrifying description of what he saw: â€Å"About twenty miles south of Kiev (Kyiv), I came upon a village that was practically extinct by starvation. There had been fifteen houses in this village and a population of forty-odd persons. Every dog and cat had been eaten. The horses and oxen had all been appropriated by the Bolsheviks to stock the collective farms. In one hut they were cooking a mess that defied analysis. There were bones, pigweed, skin, and what looked like a boot top in this pot. The way the remaining half dozen inhabitants eagerly watched this slimy mess showed the state of their hunger. † On a personal note, my grandfather lived through this time. He was once walking and thought he saw a log and went to go sit on it, but it was a frozen body. They were living at the edge of the woods so his father buried potatoes and grain two hundred feet deep in the back of the woods. The Secret Police came to their house and took bayonets poking them into the soil looking for any food they had. Adults and children constantly came begging to their house for scraps of food and they gave it to them. This is why I chose this as my topic because my grandparents told me hundreds of stories about growing up during these times.

The Effects of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Essay Example for Free

The Effects of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Essay

Branding Strategies Of Asda Marketing Essay

Branding Strategies Of Asda Marketing Essay Branding is a most important tool for any product or company to gain a long term market share. The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of branding and its implications in the retail market. This will include the concepts and practices of branding that are adopted by different retailers in the UK as well as the new challenges faced by these retailers in UK market. This research will identify the benefits of branding for suppliers, customers and for the retailers. I will identify the strategic approach which retailers in the UK can adopt as a role model to survive in a highly competitive market and this will include the survey of UK food and grocery retail market. I will also investigate how the changes in the market from the early beginning have changed the position of grocery supermarket chains. I will describe the in-depth branding strategies of ASDA, various operations of ASDAs stores and its competition with world-wide and UK retailers. This study will also identify and investigate the competitive position of ASDA amount other key players in UK such as TESCO, Sainsbury and Morrison. INTRODUCTION What is branding? According to the Websters dictionary a brand is defined as a mean of identification and an arbitrarily adapted name that is given by manufacturer to a product to distinguish it and it may be used and protected as trade name.  [1]   A brand is defined as a name, term, design or symbol or a combination of them intended to identify the goods and services that identifies and distinguishes a specific sellers product from a competitive product of another seller. It is also defined as a part of a product and services tangible features, the verbal indication that help customers to identify the products they want. It plays a vital role in assessment of a product or service and can add value to them. It is a word which is commonly referred to by advertisers and marketing people. Why it is important? People generally recognize a well-known brand even if they do not know about the company or its products/services. These are usually the name of businesses or the name of a product, although it can be the name of a feature or style of a product too. A good brand delivers the message clearly and motivates the buyers. There are few other terms which have been used to define branding such as brand name, brand mark, trade name or trade mark. Thus branding is very essential for companies and it is beneficial for buyers and customers. INDUSTRY BACKGROUND ASDA was formed in 1965 with a merger of two companies, Associated Dairies and the Asquith Brothers supermarket chain Queen. ASDA Stored Ltd was created a supermarket with its objectives to offer the customers permanently low prices. In 1999 ASDA was acquired by Wal-Mart Stores Inc., and ASDA became part of the worlds biggest and best retailer. Since then, ASDA also became Britains second largest supermarket. ASDA has now over 300 stores across the UK and employ 150,000 staff and its friendly service is as inextricably linked to the ASDA brand as their reputation for quality and service.  [2]   According to a recent survey, as of 1st August 2010 ASDA has 376 locations with operating income of  £638 million and ranking as second largest supermarket chain in the UK. ASDA Group Ltd., operates as one of the largest food retailers in the United Kingdom. The companys stores sell a wide variety of merchandise including food and apparel, along with house wares, music, videos and books. The company once known as a diary conglomerate was acquired by Wal-Mart Inc. in 1999. Under its new parents guidance, ASDA has been adding pharmacies, opticians, jewelry and photo departments to its stores.  [3]   ASDAS BRANDING STRATEGY According to a survey in 2004 which shows the key figures of the UK retail market, states that UK retail sales reached approximately  £246 billion in 2004. This shows that retail industry, generally, continues to show positive signs of growth. The retail industry in any country is generally a very active, fast changing sector. Thus it comprises one of the main sectors in the economy of a country, in terms of transactions and turnover; as a result, it is a highly competitive and sophisticated industry. My research proposal is about the importance of branding in retail market particularly in the UK retail, food and grocery market. I will identify the branding strategy of ASDA and its market share in the UK retail sector. Currently ASDA is using one strategy which is: In September 2010 ASDA announced that it is going to re-launch its mid-tier private label range under the new Chosen by You brand name in a bid to improve perceptions of the quality of its food. This new rang is a part of a  £100m investment which includes 200,000 UK consumers taste testing and benchmarking the products.  [4]   And now ASDA has also decided to launch their new opticians business adopting similar logos and using slogans making indirect references to the chain. ASDA ran a campaign featuring the two slogans: Be a real spec saver at ASDA Spec savings at ASDA  [5]   These strategies are helping and will help ASDA to gain consumers satisfaction. Although ASDA is already getting continuous growth with the diversification and extension of its existing stores but the retail market has become more competitive and having less market share can affect the overall ranking and position of ASDA in the international market. Therefore I will analyse and evaluate the strategic position of ASDA in comparison to other UK retailers and in conclusion there will be future strategic options suggested which aimed to strengthen its position in the highly competitive market and to gain customers satisfaction and loyalty. While using the same brand name, ASDA is also offering financial services to its customers which include: Insurance Credit cards and loans Savings Motor breakdown cover Energy supplying According a recent report at BBC (27 May 2010) ASDA has also announced plans to buy Netto for  £778m. Netto has 193 stores in the UK which will continue to trade under the Netto name for the time being but will come under the ASDA brand by mid-2011.  [6]   ASDA is continuously promoting its brand strategy and has announced that its customers will benefit from low prices on a significantly broader range of quality products, complemented by the wide range of services ASDA offer at all their small stores (ASDA Chief Executive Andy Clarke). ASDA brand George was bought by ASDA in 1995, George was started in 1990 by George Davies and it was the first supermarket clothing brand. Thus George grew and become the largest clothing retailer by volume in the UK today. This brand is also traded internationally by Wal-Mart. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The core idea of this research to analyze the different strategies ASDA is using for its branding to compete with all the supermarkets within UK to capture a large portion of market share in retail and other relative industries. This research will also throw light on the factors to identify how these branding strategies affect customers behaviour and why they chose ASDA as compare to all other supermarkets in UK. Without an appropriate set of objectives, you can end up not only with a misguided strategy, but with an unrealistic set of goals. Increasing brand awareness for a product that already has a baseline awareness of 99 percent, for example, can be virtually impossible. If you set the wrong objectives, you set yourself up for failure (Graham 2001).  [7]   This research will emphasize the practices of ASDAs brand objectives how ASDA is using its branding to get customers loyalty and trust within the competitive market where its main rivals TESCO, Sainsbury, Morison, Marks Spenser are operating side by side as strong competitor. ASDAs brand objectives are that it is comprised of ASDAs personality, image, core competencies and characteristics. ASDAs basic framework of its brand is to pursue to put an impression on its customers that describe the company to other people. ASDA is following the strategy of its branding to build a strong credibility and have more influence on the market and to motivate customers to shop at ASDAs stores. ASDAs objectives are to be looked as a leader and not as a follower. I will explore and find out that how ASDA is defining its objectives with specific timelines and how it has been developing plans of action to achieve those objectives. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Why branding is important and what ASDA wants from its brand to do? What does ASDA wants others to know and say about its products? How ASDA can retain its top ranking position in the UK retail market? RESEARCH AIMS Identify different retail brands in UK Identify current branding strategy of ASDA Review market share of ASDA in UK retail market Analysis of competitors of ASDA Study of future practices of ASDA Recommend improved strategy for ASDA to retain its top ranking position in the UK retail market. LITERATURE REVIEW The central concern of brand building literature experienced a dramatic shift in the last decade. Branding and the role of brands, as traditionally understood, were subject to constant review and redefinition. A traditional definition of a brand was: the name, associated with one or more items in the product line, which is used to identify the source of character of the item(s) (Kotler 2000, p. 396). A literature review is very important and critical for the justification of the proposed research in order to find out different factors to identify the research area and to clarify questions of the chosen research topic (Saunders, 2007). Aaker and Joachmisthaler (2000) argued the traditional branding model where a brand management team was liable for creating and coordinating the brands management program. In these circumstances, the brand manager was not high in the companys hierarchy; his focus was the short-term financial results of single brands and single products in single markets. The basic objective was the coordination with the manufacturing and sales departments in order to solve any problem concerning sales and market share. With this strategy the responsibility of the brand was solely the concern of the marketing department (Davis 2002). In general, most companies thought that focusing on the latest and greatest advertising campaign meant focusing on the brand (Davis and Dunn 2002). The model itself was tactical and reactive rather than strategic and visionary (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000). The brand was always referred to as a series of tactics and never like strategy (Davis and Dunn 2002). Brand is defined as a name, term, symbol, design or any other feature or a combination of any of them. Branding is used to define, or is proposed to identify the goods or services of one seller and distinct it from those of other sellers. Branding helps to differentiate ones service from those of its competitors. It plays vital role in assessment of product and can add value to a product. It is therefore an intimate aspect of product strategy. Therefore In developing a marketing strategy for individual products, the seller has to tackle the issue of branding. According to Peter Doyle; Brands are at the very heart of marketing. When a company creates a strong brand it attracts customers preference and builds a defensive wall against competition. Marketers and sellers make different strategies for their products and most of these are associated with branding. These decisions include how to create brands, how to choose brand names, brand marks, trademarks and trade names. A brand may identify one item, a family of items or all items of that seller. Brand loyalty is an integral part of building a brand, as consumers usually have a choice of products in the same market segment, and so a successful company will use a way to keep consumers re-buying their product or coming back to their stores rather than going to their competitor. These brand loyalty-building efforts may come in the form of coupons and incentives such as many grocery chains use a technique of grocery discount cards or loss leaders, meant to draw consumers into the store, where they will hopefully buy products at discounted fare with a higher profit ratio (Kumar 2010).  [8]   SOURCES TO BE USED FOR DATA I will be using different scholars books written in different countries on branding, why it is important and work of researcher all over the world in this field. As branding is the most important factor of any business, organisation, product or service so there is a lot of information on the internet, journals and newspapers. Proper references from all the sources will be included in my work. I will also be conducting interviews from different Managers of ASDA, TESCO and Sainsbury including some customers in the stores to get much information regarding my subject and a practical experience which will help me writing a good conclusion to my proposed work. Data collection will consist of surveys, interviews and observation with ASDA Managers, employees and customers as well as journal logs from scholars. As suggested by Prof. Francis Knox I am planning to conduct multiple interviews with each participant in order to provide more in-depth data collection and opportunities for follow-up. I will utilize a qualitative evaluation for this research project leveraging subjective methods such as interviews and observations to collect substantive and relevant data. I hope that such a qualitative approach will be valuable here due to the varying experiences of the Managers and customers visiting ASDA. Recent research on subject matter will also be consulted to validate collected data. DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is an important part of any topic as it gives an outline and understanding of the subject. In the same way I will analyse the collected data by comparing it with all the other competitors of ASDA to find out how ASDA is benefiting from its branding strategies and objectives. I believe that data analysis shows the different things discussed in topic and which one is most suitable and favourable according to the situation. Data can be collected from various sources and its analysis gives understanding and shape to the topic or field of interest. Collect necessary Data to answer questions Analyse Data Creating strategies to use results Reporting out on recommendations and conclusion RESEARCH METHODOLIGIES My research methodology requires gathering relevant data from the scholars books, online journals, newspapers and internet and to compile the databases in order to analyze the material and to arrive at a more complete understanding of the importance of branding of a company or a product. The following chart can best represent how research methodology work: Source: http://www.clientopinions.com/pages/11/Research-Methodology/ My dissertation would be based upon primary and secondary sets of information available on branding within supermarkets and my research work will be based upon both qualitative and quantitative data, for example exploring the work of researcher on branding importance for supermarkets and conducting interviews with relevant employees working as Managers and customers of ASDA supermarket. In this research I will also include the current trends of branding in different countries of the world and especially in the UK. Questionnaires carried out during my research will help me to get the facts how big chains of supermarkets and other organisations are using their brand image to get a large portion of their respective markets. On the basis of all the relevant information available branding evaluation and conclusion will be carried out. The evaluation and conclusion will also include how and why ASDA branding is better comparing to its competitors and how ASDA can better use their branding strategy all over the world. The research approach is also constructive (Jarvinen 1999, Olkkonen 1993). The positivistic approach would have required a quantitative analysis of the system (Takala Helo 2000) which would be very difficult to accomplish without disclosing some confidential business information.  [9]   This nature of research is a process of finding information; analyzing, interpreting information to deal with questions which must have certain characteristics like be controlled, systematic, rigorous, valid and critical. My research will ideally be focused on primary and secondary research on ASDA brand name and image, which will enable me to get adequate knowledge and with the help of this awareness I will work on my dissertation with no trouble. I will be able to investigate the advantages of branding and will find out what can be the problems using a brand name/images in a most competitive market for a company. During this research proposal I found out that there is plenty of information available in the journals, books and on the internet specifically for ASDA and I will use that information in the dissertation to make it more clear and acceptable. With the help of this provided information I would be able to present this in a theoretical form including data chart, comparison diagrams etc, which will help to understand my subject simply. As mentioned earlier that brand is a most important tool for any company, product or service. There are so many products in the market who do not have proper brand name or image and these products disappear from the shelves after sometime. So in my research work I will explore few of those products and will compare the quality and price to ASDAs similar products, as this experiment will discover the importance of branding. EXPECTED OUTCOMES I consider that after having a detail study on brand name/image and its importance in the retail market and research on branding strategy of ASDA and its implementation, it will be helpful for me to suggest how ASDA can improve itself amongst its competitors in the United Kingdom. As we all know that branding is perhaps the most important fact of any business, beyond product, distribution, pricing and location for any company and this build a tangible trust and loyalty amongst the customers. Brand loyalty is an essential part of building a brand name/image as customers usually have a choice of similar products in the same market segment so a successful company like ASDA will come up with a way to keep customers re-buying their products or coming back to their store again and again rather than going to its competitors. During my dissertation while conducting different interviews and surveys I will find out how ASDA is successfully implementing its branding strategy and how it can more effectively improve this with my field work on this specific topic. So I conclude this proposal with acknowledging that if brand name is used properly, ASDA can keep the large share of the market. ASDA brand name is Saving you money every day, so as far ASDA is fulfilling the requirement of its brand name, there is no doubt that this big chain of supermarket will continue enjoying a large portion of the market share in the United Kingdom. During my research proposal I have found out that ASDA has improved its operations and thus it become the second largest supermarket in the United Kingdom and this is only because it has its long term branding strategies which reviewed on regular basis and the market is compared on weekly basis on the prices and quality of the product being sold at the similar stores in the country. SCHEDULE (DAILY TIME TABLE) Dissertation Working Process Start Date Finish Date 1. Introduction and history 01-01-2011 02-01-2011 2. Finalising aims/objectives and questionnaire 04-01-2011 06-01-2011 3. Draft a complete version of Literature review 08-01-2011 11-01-2011 4. Finalise Literature review 13-01-2010 17-01-2011 5. Revisit the methodology Literature 20-01-2011 24-01-2011 6. Finalising the research approach 26-01-2011 30-01-2011 7. Finalising research strategy and method 01-02-2011 03-02-2011 8. Finalising questionnaire and interviews 05-02-2011 08-02-2011 9. Entering and analysing the data 10-02-2011 12-02-2011 10. Update Literature if necessary 14-02-2011 15-02-2011 11. Completing the remaining work 17-02-2011 18-02-2011 12. Revise the draft make amendments format for submission 20-02-2011 22-02-2011 13. Write Reflective Document / add at the end of dissertation 24-02-2011 26-02-2011 14. Submit Dissertation Possible Submission Date: 31-03-2011

The Cycle of Sacrifice in the Roman Catholic Mass :: Religion Christianity Judaism Essays

The Cycle of Sacrifice in the Roman Catholic Mass The Christian Church is centered on the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This is what set the early Christians apart from their Jewish roots. In the Christian Church the notion of sacrifice is based on Jesus Christ as the ultimate sacrifice. This comes from a long tradition of sacrifice throughout the Hebrew Scriptures. In the Jewish tradition there are sacrifices made at certain times of the year. For example, traditionally during Passover each family has a rabbi sacrifice a lamb. The Jewish belief is that this sacrifice must take place every year at Passover. The Christian belief has changed since the death of Christ. Christians believe Christ has become the one true sacrifice. The reason the sacrifice of the Hebrews must be continued is two fold. The Hebrew sacrifice is made to God, by a priest who is imperfect, and the sacrifice itself is also imperfect. This imperfection and the presence of sin prevent the sacrifice from becoming eternal and therefore must be rep eated. In the Christian view, Jesus is the perfect victim and the perfect sacrificer. The emphasis on sacrifice in the Catholic Church has changed. In the earliest days bread was broken in a meal of fellowship. Eyewitness accounts of the works of Jesus Christ were the center of the fathering. It was a gathering of a community of believers. Gradually this emphasis on community and discussion has changed to an emphasis on the sacrifice of Jesus. By the middle ages this is the center of all. People came to adore the Blessed Sacrament while the priest offered the sacrifice. This centrality on the eucharist and the priest as sacrificer was solidified by the Council of Trent. In time, the people yearned for a greater participation in the liturgy. This led to the Second Vatican Council in which great changes to the liturgy resulted in a shift of emphasis back to the words and works of Jesus and to the people as the mystical body of Christ. In the earliest church there was little to no mention of sacrifice. The focus of the beliefs of the community was around the resurrection and good works of Jesus. Just after the death of Christ, Jewish Christians gathered in homes after the Temple service. The Cycle of Sacrifice in the Roman Catholic Mass :: Religion Christianity Judaism Essays The Cycle of Sacrifice in the Roman Catholic Mass The Christian Church is centered on the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This is what set the early Christians apart from their Jewish roots. In the Christian Church the notion of sacrifice is based on Jesus Christ as the ultimate sacrifice. This comes from a long tradition of sacrifice throughout the Hebrew Scriptures. In the Jewish tradition there are sacrifices made at certain times of the year. For example, traditionally during Passover each family has a rabbi sacrifice a lamb. The Jewish belief is that this sacrifice must take place every year at Passover. The Christian belief has changed since the death of Christ. Christians believe Christ has become the one true sacrifice. The reason the sacrifice of the Hebrews must be continued is two fold. The Hebrew sacrifice is made to God, by a priest who is imperfect, and the sacrifice itself is also imperfect. This imperfection and the presence of sin prevent the sacrifice from becoming eternal and therefore must be rep eated. In the Christian view, Jesus is the perfect victim and the perfect sacrificer. The emphasis on sacrifice in the Catholic Church has changed. In the earliest days bread was broken in a meal of fellowship. Eyewitness accounts of the works of Jesus Christ were the center of the fathering. It was a gathering of a community of believers. Gradually this emphasis on community and discussion has changed to an emphasis on the sacrifice of Jesus. By the middle ages this is the center of all. People came to adore the Blessed Sacrament while the priest offered the sacrifice. This centrality on the eucharist and the priest as sacrificer was solidified by the Council of Trent. In time, the people yearned for a greater participation in the liturgy. This led to the Second Vatican Council in which great changes to the liturgy resulted in a shift of emphasis back to the words and works of Jesus and to the people as the mystical body of Christ. In the earliest church there was little to no mention of sacrifice. The focus of the beliefs of the community was around the resurrection and good works of Jesus. Just after the death of Christ, Jewish Christians gathered in homes after the Temple service.

The Medias Impact on the Scopes Monkey Trial :: American America History

The Media's Impact on the Scopes Monkey Trial      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1920’s were a period of transition for America.   The culture of society was quickly adapting to many new ideas and beliefs.   Traditional schools of thought were gradually being replaced with new technology and knowledge.   The changes taking place were the source of much conflict, as many historical events of the twenties can illustrate. One such event is the Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial.   From our research we discovered that the trial pitted Modernists against Traditionalists, Fundamentalists against Evolutionists, and the Country against the City.   However, these conflicts would not have been brought to the attention of the American public if the media had not been so engrossed in the event. That idea helped in formulating our research question: Why did the media choose to get so involved in such a localized, small town affair?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to answer this question we decided to examine the aforementioned conflicts to try to understand why the media showed such strong interest in the trial.   We found that the media recognized this case as a perfect way to bring these conflicts to the forefront of the American mind.   By doing this, the ideas and beliefs of modernists could be showcased and possibly validated.   This was a way to indirectly force change and progress in America.   To demonstrate this point, the socio-cultural conflicts need to be investigated and related to the Scopes trial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before looking at these issues, some background is necessary.   The whole controversy originated when the Butler Law was passed in 1925 prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution theory in state funded schools (Scopes and Presley 52).   When the American Civil Liberties Union discovered the law, they put out a press release requesting the cooperation of a Tennessee teacher in a â€Å"friendly test case† of the law (DeCamp 8). Dayton resident George Rappleyea and some friends came up with the idea to have the case in Dayton and decided to ask John Scopes to be the teacher to test the law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scopes was a science teacher at Dayton High School.   However, he only taught Biology for two weeks as a substitute at the end of the school year.   When Rappleyea asked Scopes if he taught the theory of evolution, he said he didn’t really remember.   Nonetheless, Scopes accepted the offer(despite some initial opposition), and the Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial saga began.

Hamlet, Fortinbras, Laertes †Revenge Essay

One of the overriding themes of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the futility of revenge. The most obvious insistence upon revenge in the play is that of Hamlet himself who seeks to right the wrong of the murder of his father by Claudius. Both Laertes and Fortinbras are also out to seek revenge. Every one of the three eldest sons had one thing in common: they all wanted revenge for a slaughtered father. In the time in which this play is set, avenging the murder of a father was part of one’s honor, and it had to be done. All of the three sons swore vengeance, and then acted towards getting revenge for the deaths of their fathers. Shakespeare demonstrates how rage emerges in many different forms. Hamlet, Laertes, and Fortinbras bring the theme of revenge to life, revealing the complexity and richness of human feelings. Hamlet’s method of revenge is perhaps the poorest method of all. He spends too much time thinking about his actions and takes no immediate action without premeditative thought. Hamlet’s reaction to the ghost changed after thought and this was his main problem. His approach to achieving revenge was incorrect from the start. He thought and planned to catch Claudius at the ‘right’ time; he excused himself and reasoned with himself as to why timings were not right. Laertes has no need for revenge until Hamlet kills his father, and he finds out that his sister is dead. It is for this reason that he goes along with the scheme to kill Hamlet, however he falters towards the end. His last words blame Claudius; however Hamlet also dies, and so his revenge is complete. After Hamlet kills Polonius, Laertes faces the same problem that Hamlet does – a murdered father. Yet, Laertes’s reaction to his father’s death is very different from Hamlet’s response to news of his own father’s murder. While Hamlet broods over the murder for much of the play, Laertes -takes immediate action. He storms home from France as soon as he hears the news, raises a crowd of followers, and invades the palace. Then he starts asking questions – unlike Hamlet, who asks a whole lot of questions before he finally gets around to avenging his father’s death. Fortinbras’ revenge is driven by honor. He is an important foil for Prince Hamlet, who has also lost a father and now finds himself seeking revenge. Fortinbras wishes to recover the territory that was lost when his father died. Fortinbras feels that his father’s death and loss of Norwegian land brings dishonor upon his father and upon himself. Therefore, he needs to recover the land in order to regain his family’s honor and the honor of the nation. Fortinbras is also humbled by his father’s death. He believes that regaining the territory lost during the war will restore the honorable conditions in Norway that existed before the war. But, while Hamlet sits around contemplating life and death, Fortinbras takes clear and immediate action by raising an army to reclaim Norway’s lost territories. Though his uncle (the current king of Norway) diverts Fortinbras from attacking Denmark, in the end, prince Fortinbras helps himself to the Danish throne. Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras seek retribution for the violent deaths of their fathers in different ways and for different reasons, but all three acts of revenge contribute to the theme that revenge is ultimately a pointless endeavor. Hamlet’s brooding over the morality of the act of revenge stands apart from that of the other two men because he represents the coming of a more enlightened age. Cold-blooded murder of the type that Laertes seeks is not acceptable to Hamlet; indeed he also seeks everlasting punishment. The revenge of Fortinbras is caused by the desire to regain a lost land of little consequence, pointing to the theme of how revenge can be enacted for the most illogical of reasons. Ultimately, the most successful method of revenge was Fortinbras’. He did not intend to use violence or cold-blooded murder but rather to seek what is his and bring back the rights and honor of his father.

Relevant and Non-Relevant Costs

South Carolina Electric and Gas (SCE&G), a principal subsidiary of SCANA Corporation, makes life convenient by bringing electricity and natural gas to homes and businesses. The company also provides residential, commercial, and industrial builder service firms the energy they need for construction (www.sceg.com). The company also has telecommunications services and other businesses which involve non-regulated energy. To supply electricity and natural gas, SCE&G operates 22 various plants, most of which are coal plants. Today, SCE&G serves nearly 1 million customers in South Carolina (â€Å"SCE&G Quick Facts†).The coal plants of SCE&G emit nitrogen oxide. Also known as NOx, this is one of the compounds that form smog in the atmosphere. Thus, the company has been making efforts to lower the emission of NOx. Just recently, SCE&G has installed the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) equipment on Wateree Station and Williams Station, the two largest plants of the company to reduce NOx emission. This has cost them $138 million (www.sceg.com). The company has also invested 80 million dollars on equipment for emission and pollution control (Zaleski, 2007).In 2008, the firm has decided to install the SCR equipment on the Cope Station as well. The project, which started on the summer of 2007 and will end on the fall of 2008, will cost the company 69 million dollars (Zaleski, 2007). This amount includes relevant costs (i.e., costs that are significant to a specific decision) such as the cost of the equipment and the cost of installation (CITATION).The previously mentioned expenditures prior to the Cope Station project–the investment on SCR equipment and on the emission and pollution control equipment—are considered sunk costs. Whether SCE&G would push through with the Cope project or not, the costs of these equipments have already been incurred. Hence, they are irrelevant to the project.SCE&G reported in its statement of projected expenditure that the budget for the Cope Station project was $ 26 million (â€Å"SCANA Corp. 2007-2009 Projection Expenditure,† 2007). Since the investment would cost $ 69 million, it would result in a budget deficit of $ 43 million. This implies that the company had to make budget adjustments in order to fund the said project.When the project is complete, it would surely result in â€Å"clean, safe, and reliable power source for [the] citizens and industries† (Zaleski, 2007). Although it would not bring the company explicit financial benefits, by making the plant environment-friendly, the project can further contribute to the healthy relationship of SCE&G with its neighboring communities. Moreover, this may â€Å"attract new industries [to invest] in [the] area† as the environment becomes free of the polluting NOx (Zaleski, 2007).ReferenceAbout SE&G.. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2008 from http://www.sceg.com/en/about-sceg/Builder services. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2008 from http://www.sceg.com/en/builder servicesNitrogen oxides. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2008 fromhttp://www.sceg.com/en/my-community/environment/air/nitrogen-oxides/Residential services. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2008 fromhttp://www.sceg.com/en/residential-services/SCANA Corporation 2007-2009 projections for capital expenditures and cash flows. (9February 2007). Retrieved January 26, 2008 fromhttp://www.secinfo.com/dN11u.u3.c.htmSCE&G quickfacts. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2008 fromhttp://www.sceg.com/NR/rdonlyres/26ADE7BE-0699-41C8-84C7-32C488E5292A/0/SCEGQuickFacts.pdfZaleski, G.. (6 November 2007). SCE&G investing $69 million in Cope plan to reduceemissions. The Times and Democrat. Retrieved January 26, 2008 fromhttp://www.thetandd.com/articles/2007/11/06/news/12812156.txt

Effective Study Skills Are the Sole Foundation of a Sound Education Essay

There are several factors that need to be taken into consideration when analysing the above phrase. According to the Oxford Dictionary ‘Effective’ is defined as ‘Successful in producing a desired or intended result’. Individuals tend to adopt their own strategies for learning, as we can see below. The studies of Peter Honey and Alan Mumford in the late 1970’s, identified four different ways in which people learn. An Activist likes to takes a ‘hands on’ approach and experience what is being studied. A Pragmatist wants to have a go and experiment with the results. A Theorist needs to understand why and what are the underlying reasons for the result. Finally, the Reflector, observes and considers the various outcomes before putting into practise. The study leads us to understand that there is not a singular effective study skill but study skills, that vary according to an individual’s preference and style. ‘Effective study depends on your state of mind, space, time and materials organised in the ways that best suit your learning.’ Stella Cottrell. The Study skills handbook 3rd edition pg67. Social and cultural beliefs regarding education may also affect the foundation of an individual’s education. Gender bias may place additional limitations on a student with regards to expectations, some individuals are placed under pressure to achieve good academic qualifications whilst others may be left to their own devices and will have to find their own motivation for study. Parental involvement and inspirational role models also have a strong influence on our ability,motivation and willingness to learn. Source: www.gov.uk research brief, institute of learning, University of London, Sabates and Duckworth, July 2009. Let us consider ‘sound education’. In the 1980’s it was considered a reasonable achievement to gain 5 O levels. Today employers have much higher expectations, many will not consider a potential employee without a degree. It is reasonable to conclude that ‘sound education’ fundamentally changes with time. Environment can also have a significant effect on educational achievement. A student at school can concentrate solely on studies whilst others may study from home on a part time basis if they work full time and have a family. Age also affects the way individuals approach study, for example older people who have not studied for many years will find it much harder to go back to study than someone who has just left school. We can conclude from the above that individuals need to adapt their style of study for it to be effective. Students of all ages also need to be willing and motivated to learn. This will have a significant impact on success even when outside influences can disrupt the foundation of our study. Whilst effective study is extremely important it is not the sole foundation as we adapt to suit our requirements and ultimately achieve what we consider to be our own interpretation of a sound education.

Twelfth Night Analysis

Love vs. Lust and Desire (The Twelfth Night) Love and lust can often be mistaken for each other by unsuspecting and naive characters. In William Shakespeare’s The Twelfth Night a majority of the characters experience learning the difference between whether lust is the same as love or if they are merely enjoying someone’s looks only. The question of desire being overpowered by love is something that has been deeply looked at by literary critics to try to decipher. The beginning of the story starts out with Viola and her twin brother Sebastian getting into a shipwreck where Viola believes that her brother has drowned and been lost at sea.She shows an enormous amount of love in those first few moments when she realizes that he is gone. No love is ever greater than family love because it is the most pure form of love. Viola, out of self-preservation, takes a job in the house of the Duke Orsino and becomes his messenger to his love Olivia. Olivia is a vain woman who is also mourning her brother’s death and refuses to see Orsino or listen to his marriage proposals. As a different tack, Orsino sends Viola, dressed as Cesario, to try to court Olivia for him. This is not love that Orsino is feeling. Unrequited, melancholic love intensifies this process: it is self-consuming, as Orsino is pursued and consumed by his own desires. † (Eagleton) As Eagleton alludes he is merely attracted to Olivia’s beauty and power. The way he acts towards her does personify that he loves her, but he only compliments her beauty and virtue in his poems. He alludes to only wanting her because she is what is seen as the most desirable woman around his land. â€Å"Irrationally, Orsino would love a woman who he knows loves herself. But whereas he shrewdly guesses the true condition of his lady's affection, he is blind to the similar makeup of his own passion. (Hunt) This showing of lust is counteracted by the showings from Viola of love for Orsino. She chooses to do as he asks and help him court Olivia despite the fact that she is a woman in disguise and loves Orsino herself. This is a sacrifice that could easily be shown as a sign of true love for Orsino. Viola’s showing of love is something to be examined closer. She has not known Orsino for more than a day when she begins to love him, yet she is willing to sacrifice her own happiness to help create a marriage between Orsino and Olivia.She could be seen as naive and hopeful, but she seems wiser than that if examined closer. â€Å"Viola is then drawn within this illusion, through her adoption of an illusion of disguise to further her real aim of serving Orsino; she is made to act the part of one actor (Orsino) to another actor (Olivia) in a way which conflicts with her own genuine identity (her love of Orsino). † (Eagleton) Orsino also trusts Viola, as Cesario, completely. He entrusts her with his hopes and his most intimate errands. â€Å"Orsino is caught at a transitiona l moment in love's metamorphosis. He secretly enjoys Viola's feminine beauty while the page identity–â€Å"Cesario†Ã¢â‚¬â€œgives him an excuse for not recognizing the threatening natural opposite to himself–an opposite that in truth complements him. † (Hunt) Orsino sees Viola (Cesario) as someone he can trust and feel strangely drawn to. This could be a sense of lust compelling him or the nature of true love in its purer form. Through the beginning of the story Viola’s love for Orsino grows only to see Orsino’s love for Olivia continue steady. This is all disrupted when Viola’s brother, Sebastian, is revealed as alive and in the same city.Olivia, who has been courting Cesario (Viola), mistakes Sebastian for Cesario and convinces him to marry her. This can only be another example of the feeble yet strong importance put on physical attraction between two strangers to create a feeling of love that is deeply rooted in lust. Olivia found Ce sario’s cool demeanor to her to be refreshing and the slightly feminine build to be attractive. â€Å"The consequence of Viola's entering the reciprocal illusion of Orsino and Olivia is the creation in Olivia of a reality—her love for Viola—which breaks beyond the illusion and yet is similarly illusory—she does not know that Viola is a woman. (Eagleton) Olivia’s love for Cesario is a little more sincere than Orsino’s love for Olivia because Olivia enjoys Cesario’s company and demeanor as strictly opposed to his looks. When Olivia learns that Sebastian is her husband and not Cesario, she is still happy despite the mix up. Orsino’s switching of his love from Olivia to Viola so easily and efficiently is a sign that he may not really know the true nature of love at all. Orsino may only really know the way of desire and lust.Viola overlooks this and marries Orsino without any hesitation because she loves him. Orsino refers to Viola as â€Å"his fancy’s Queen† implying that he really cares for her on a level deeper than merely her looks which he has not been able to see in her manly disguise. The ending of the story regards every couple marrying the person they seem the most happy with, but it’s highly questionable if they love the person they have chosen or if they merely have chosen someone they like. ? Work CitedEagleton, Terence. â€Å"Language and Reality in Twelfth Night. † Critical Quarterly 9. 3 (Autumn 1967): 217-228. Rpt. in Shakespearean Criticism. Ed. Dana Ramel Barnes and Marie Lazzari. Vol. 34. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Literature Resource Center. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. Hunt, Maurice. â€Å"Love, Disguise, and Knowledge in Twelfth Night. † CLA Journal 32. 4 (June 1989): 484-493. Rpt. in Shakespearean Criticism. Ed. Michelle Lee. Vol. 92. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Literature Resource Center. Web. 19 Feb. 2013.

Philosophy of War Essay

Human history is plagued with series of bloody conflicts and wars, which resulted into killing of millions of men, women, and children. Different historians and analysts have presented variety of theories debating on the root causes of war. What ever the reasons, wars bring destruction, annihilation, and sorrows to the humanity. Development of technology further compounded the situation. It simplified the obliteration of mankind with introduction of weapons of mass destruction. Man is now capable of wiping out the humanity with least efforts. Inventions created for warfare have also helped in maintaining a balance of power and were actually successful in preventing wars from materializing. This paper will focus on philosophy of war, highlighting various theories about causes of war, with an analytical scrutiny of the present scenario where weapons of mass destruction have deeply affected the world peace. War is an instrument of policy. It is the continuation of national policies through other means (Clausewitz 12-13). In general terms, war can be described as a method and an approach of pursuance of national goals and objectives. War in military terms is a state of widespread conflict between states, organizations, or relatively large groups of people. It involves use of bloody aggression between two regular armies or between armed civilian groups (â€Å"War,† pars. 1-2). A common perception of war is a military campaign between at least two opposing sides. The disagreement leading to war may involve a dispute over sovereignty, territory, resources, or religion etc. Wars take place despite majority of populace opposing them. There are a large number of theories debating over why wars happen regardless of strong opposition. Whatever the cause of war, the development of technology has intensified the resultant human destructiveness. Development of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction have altogether changed the nature of war. The latest deadly military arsenals have reshaped the war strategies. These weapons are proving to be a strong deterrence against outbreak of war between two states but their possession by belligerents and terrorists have serious implications. Human history is devoid of any era which can be termed as peaceful. There has always been some war or conflict taking place between two opposing sides. The war itself has remained a constant phenomenon throughout the course of history however causative factors for such conflicts are certainly numerous. There are a large number of theories explaining causes of war including the political, economical, psychological, sociological, anthropological, and historical theories. These theories identify specific circumstances and inescapable trends imposing war on humanity. Two important theories have been deliberated upon in following paragraphs which stem out significantly when viewed in concurrence with present scenario. The theory most affected with advent of weapons of mass destruction is the psychological theory, also known as human aggression theory. This theory professes that human beings, especially men are born aggressive and violent. History is witness of the fact that people are capable of committing the most terrible acts of violence on other people. Wars have been waged, and millions have been killed due to personal agenda of leaders. Even before recorded history men killed men for petty issues, and vested interests. People when equipped with weapons tend to be more threatening and provoked in their aggression. Experiments have indicated that the presence of a weapon can augment ferociousness. It increases the consequences of aggressive incidents (Hinde and Pulkinnen, pars. 2, 15). Psychologists have agreed to some extent that although human nature is violent but people forcing large scale destruction and wars do not possess stable personalities. These people are normally mentally unbalanced and lack rationale. This school of thought argues that leaders like Napoleon, Hitler, and Stalin were mentally abnormal. Just consider, any such leader, if in possession of nuclear arsenals in today’s world, can play havoc with the humanity. Inherent aggression of mankind coupled with modern weapons of mass destruction, if left uncontrolled and unchecked will ultimately lead the world to the end of times. The other important cause of war having serious implications in today’s world is rooted out of anthropological theories. Several anthropologists see the war as fundamentally cultural, learned by nurture rather than nature. To this school, religious, ideological, and nationalistic beliefs create an environment for acceptance of war (â€Å"War,† par. 16). Religion is often exploited to justify actions and motivate the masses to support the aggression. Most wars in the history are perhaps fought in the name of religion. It is fact that Crusades are more commonly attributed to the religion than any other war. There had been many other conflicts as well originating out of religious differences. Islam emerging out of Arab lands in 8th century started posing a major threat to various kingdoms ruled in the name of Christianity. Religion thus became a central theme in most conflicts fought there on (Armstrong 4). The late 20th century witnessed struggles for territorial sovereignty, political autonomy and access to resources. Religion remains the major motivating factor here as well, and dominates most of the post World War II conflicts. Issues in former Yugoslavia, Middle-East, South Asia, and Central Asia, are all evidences of anthropological theory about the causes of war (Dorfman 103). The ongoing war on terrorism highlights an interesting analogy regarding the previous discussion. The West (dominated by Christians) is threatened by the East (Islamic world). There are extremist elements existing in the East which are making all out efforts to crush the hegemony of the West. The attacks of 9/11 were perpetrated by Islamic extremists. The riposte in the form of war on terror is though not directed against the religion of Islam but it is manifested to root out the Islamic extremist elements which are causing grave concerns to the real existence of modern world (Conway, par. 7). Imagine, if Al Qaeda gets nuclear weapons, rest assure it will not hesitate a minute to use it against the West. Technology and nuclear arsenal held by former soviet republics provide an open market to religious terrorists. Most of this equipment was retrieved by Russia. The threat still exists due to presence of left over infrastructure and skilled human resource. The philosophy of war is deeply affected by the advent of weapons of mass destruction. Nuclear weapons deter the escalation of crises to war. The weapons of mass destruction may not help in stopping outbreak of disputes between two opposing states but certainly prevents a war. The cold war era is an evidence of this prevention. In the recent times, it stopped a major war between India and Pakistan. In year 2001, there was a long standoff between large conventional armies consisting of over one million regular troops of both the nuclear states. In the recent history, it was the largest concentration of troops on international borders. Armies of both the countries equipped with weapons of mass destruction stood face to face for complete one year. The only thing which prevented the deadliest war in the history of mankind from materializing was the nuclear capability of both the sides. Using weapons of mass destruction for peaceful purposes is always viewed apprehensively, and with doubts. In today’s transforming world, the idea of preventing a war by keeping nuclear arsenals is much debatable. The question arises that do we still need to parlay the fear of nuclear war in order to secure our national interests and international peace (Gompert, pars. 0-15). The facts however can not be ignored. The technology exists in the market. It is available to all and can be well exploited for all purposes. If we can not keep away the extremists, and mentally abnormal leaders from possessing it, then we need it too. It is not only necessitated from the point of view of our own security but it is mandatory for maintaining peace in the world. Modern weapon systems and latest war machinery will be required to harness the people with dreadful intentions (Orend, pars. 11-15). Once war commences, whatever its merits, philosophers disagree on the role of morality within war. Many have claimed morality is necessarily but it is discarded by the very nature of war including Christian thinkers such as Augustine, whereas others have sought to remind warriors both of the existence of moral relations in war and of various strictures to remain sensitive to moral ends. Sociologically, those going to and coming back from war often go through rites and rituals that symbolize their stepping out of, or back into, civil society, as if their transition is to a different level of morality and agency. War typically involves killing and the threat of being killed, which existentialist writers have drawn on in their examination of war’s phenomenology (Moseley, par. 4). Philosophy of war is a complex and intricate matter. It has an expanded horizon, with a broad spectrum of hypotheses. Simple and undeniable explanation of warfare would imply annihilation and sufferings. Man has killed man for various motives. No solid reasoning can be offered for an unimaginable scale of bloodshed caused by the humans against humanity. The subject lends itself to metaphysical and epistemological considerations, to the philosophy of mind and of human nature. It also encompasses more traditional areas of moral and political philosophy. With the invention of weapons of mass destruction, mankind is vulnerable to extreme dangers of extinction. Hope however is never lost. Eisenhower in 1953 while addressing United Nations General Assembly in the backdrop of the atomic bomb said that the United States does not wish merely to present strength, but also the desire and the hope for peace. The atom can be used for peace, and welfare of mankind. However, the constant threat of these weapons falling in the hands of extremists or abnormal leaders would keep haunting the humanity.