Beyond Good and Evil Essay Example for Free

beyond in effect(p) and Evil Es reckonUPPOSING that Truth is a wo whilewhat thus? Is in that location not ground for suspecting that all philosophers, in so far as they sp reverse a penny been dogmatists, have failed to understand womenthat the terrible seriousness and clumsy importunity with which they have usually paid their addresses to Truth, have been unskilled and uncomely methods for winning a woman? Certainly she has never allowed herself to be won and at present every kind of dogma stands with sad and discouraged fashionIF, indeed, it stands at all For t here(predicate) atomic number 18 scoffers who of importtain that it has fallen, that all dogma lies on the groundnay more, that it is at its last gasp. only when to speak seriously, in that respect be good grounds for hoping that all dogmatizing in school of thought, whatever solemn, whatever conclusive and decided airs it has assumed, whitethorn have been only a direful puerilism and tyronism and probabl y the while is at hand when it will be once and again understood WHAT has actually sufficed for the basis of such(prenominal)(prenominal) imposing and absolute philosophic edifices as the dogmatists have to that extent reargond by chance some popular superstition of immemorial time (such as the soul-superstition, which, in the form of yield- and ego-superstition, has not yet ceased doing mischief) by chance some play upon words, a deception on the go bad of grammar, or an audacious generalization of very restricted, very personal, very humanall-too-human facts. beyond serious and Evil S The school of thought of the dogmatists, it is to be foretasted, was only a promise for thousands of years afterwards, as was astrology in silent earlier times, in the run of which probably more labour, gold, acuteness, and patience have been spent than on all actual science hitherto we owe to it, and to its super- terrestrial pretensions in Asia and Egypt, the grand port of architectu re.It seems that in order to inscribe themselves upon the heart of humanity with everlasting claims, all great social functions have first to wander ab come forth the earth as huge and awe- inspiring caricatures dogmatic philosophy has been a caricature of this kindfor instance, the Vedanta doctrine in Asia, and Platonism in Europe. Let us not be thankless to it, although it must for sure be confessed that the worst, the most tiresome, and the most dangerous of errors hitherto has been a dogmatist errornamely, Platos invention of Pure Spirit and the hefty in Itself.But now when it has been surmounted, when Europe, rid of this nightmare, shadower again draw breath freely and at least enjoy a healthiersleep, we, WHOSE trade IS WAKEFULNESS ITSELF, are the heirs of all the strength which the struggle against this error has fostered.It amounted to the very inversion of equity, and the denial of the PERSPECTIVE the fundamental conditionof life, to speak of Spirit and the Good as P lato spoke of them indeed unrivaled might ask, as a physician How did such a malady attack that finest product of antiquity, Plato? Had the wicked Socrates rattling corrupted him? Was Socrates after all a corrupter of y discoverhs, and deserved his hemlock? But the struggle against Plato, orto speak plainer, and for the peoplethe strugFree eBooks at planet eBook. com gle against the ecclesiastical heaviness of millenniums of Christianity (FOR CHRISITIANITY IS PLATONISM FOR THE PEOPLE), produced in Europe a magnificent tension of soul, such as had not existed anywhere previously with such a tensely strained bow matchless(a) can now aim at the furthest goals.As a matter of fact, the European feels this tension as a state of distress, and twice attempts have been made in grand style to unbend the bow once by heart and soul of Jesuitism, and the second time by means of democratic enlightenmentwhich, with the aid of liberty of the press and advancedspaper-reading, might, in f act, bring it virtually that the spirit would not so easily find itself in distress (The Germans invented gunpowder-all credit to them but they again made functions squarethey invented printing. )But we, who are neither Jesuits, nor democrats, nor so far sufficiently Germans, we GOOD EUROPEANS, and free, VERY free liquorwe have it still, all the distress of spirit and all the tension of its bow And peradventure excessively the arrow, the duty, and, who knows? THE GOAL TO AIM AT. Sils Maria Upper Engadine, JUNE, 1885. Beyond Good and Evil CHAPTER I PREJUDICES OF PHILOSOPHERS 1.The go forth to Truth, which is to tempt us to many a hazardous enterprise, the famous Truthfulness of which all philosophers have hitherto utter with respect, what questions has this Will to Truth not laid before us What strange, perplexing, questionable questions It is already a long story yet it seems as if it were tryingly commenced. Is it any wonder if we at last grow distrustful, lose patience, and turn impatiently away? That this Sphinx teaches us at last to ask questions ourselves? WHO is it rattling that puts questions to us here? WHAT really is this Will to Truth in us?In fact we made a long halt at the question as to the get-go of this Willuntil at last we came to an absolute standstill before a yet more fundamental question. We inquired about the VALUE of this Will. Granted that we want the truth WHY NOT RATHER untruth? And enigmaticalty?Even ignorance? The problem of the abide by of truth presented itself before usor was it we who presented ourselves before the problem? Which of us is the Oedipus here? Which the Sphinx? It would seem to be a rendezvous of questions and notes of interrogation. And could it be taked that it at last seems to us as if the problem had never been propounded before, as if we were the first to fuck it, get a sight of it, Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com .and RISK RAISING it?For there is risk in raising it, perhaps there is no great r isk. 2. HOW COULD anything originate out of its opposite? For example, truth out of error? or the Will to Truth out of the will to deception? or the generous deed out of selfishness? or the pure sun-bright vision of the wise man out of covetousness? Such genesis is im alike(p)ly whoever dreams of it is a fool, nay, worse than a fool things of the upliftedest value must have a different origin, an origin of THEIR ownin this transitory, seductive, illusory, paltry world, in this turmoil of delusion and cupidity, they cannot have their source. But rather in the lap of Being, in the intransitory, in the concealed God, in the Thing-in-itself THERE must be their source, and nowhere else This mode of reasoning discloses the distinctive prejudice by which metaphysicians of all times can be recognized, this mode of valuation is at the back of all their logical procedure through this printing of theirs, they exert themselves for their knowledge, for something that is in the end solemnly ch ristened the Truth. The fundamental belief of metaphysicians is THE BELIEF IN ANTITHESES OF VALUES. It never occurred even to the wariest of them to doubt here on the very scepter (where doubt, however, was most necessary) though they had made a solemn vow, DE OMNIBUS DUBITANDUM. For it may be doubted, firstly, whether antitheses exist at all and secondly, whether the popular valuations and antitheses of value upon which metaphysicians have set apart their seal, are not perhaps merely superficial estimates, merely provi Beyond Good and Evil sional perspectives, besides being probably made from some corner, perhaps from belowfrog perspectives, as it were, to borrow an expression current among painters. In spite of all the value which may belong to the true, the positive, and the unselfish, it might be possible that a higher and more fundamental value for life generally should be assigned to pretence, to the will to delusion, to selfishness, and cupidity.It might even be possible t hat WHAT constitutes the value of those good and respected things, consists precisely in their being insidiously related, knotted, and crocheted to these evil and apparently opposed thingsperhaps even in being essentially same with them. Perhaps But who wishes to concern himself with such dangerous Perhapses For that investigation angiotensin-converting enzyme must await the advent of a new order of philosophers, such as will have other tastes and inclinations, the reverse of those hitherto prevalentphilosophers of the dangerous Perhaps in every sense of the term. And to speak in all seriousness, I see such new philosophers beginning to appear. 3.Having kept a sharp eye on philosophers, and having read between their lines long enough, I now say to myself that the greater part of conscious thinking must be counted among the instinctive functions, and it is so even in the case of philosophical thinking one has here to learn anew, as one learned anew about heredity and innateness. A s little as the act of birth comes into consideration in the wholly process and procedure of heredity, just as little is being-conscious OPPOSED to the instinctive in any decisive Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com sense the greater part of the conscious thinking of a philosopher is secretly influenced by his instincts, and forced into definite channels.And behind all logic and its seeming sovereignty of movement, there are valuations, or to speak more plainly, physiological demands, for the maintenance of a definite mode of life For example, that the certain is worth more than the uncertain, that illusion is less precious than truth such valuations, in spite of their regulative importance for US, might except be only superficial valuations, special kinds of maiserie, such as may be necessary for the maintenance of beings such as ourselves. Supposing, in effect, that man is not just the measure of things. 4. The anomalousness of an opinion is not for us any endion to it it is h ere, perhaps, that our new language sounds most strangely.The question is, how far an opinion is lifefurthering, life- preserving, species-preserving, perhaps species-rearing, and we are fundamentally inclined to maintain that the falsest opinions (to which the synthetic judgments a priori belong), are the most indispensable to us, that without a recognition of logical fictions, without a comparison of reality with the purely IMAGINED world of the absolute and immutable, without a constant counterfeiting of the world by means of numbers, man could not hold waterthat the renunciation of false opinions would be a renunciation of life, a negation of life.TO RECOGNISE UNTRUTH AS A control OF LIFE that is certainly to impugn the traditional ideas of value in a dangerous manner, and a phi Beyond Good and Evil losophy which ventures to do so, has thereby gross(a)ly placed itself beyond good and evil. 5.That which causes philosophers to be regarded halfdistrustfully and half-mockingly, is not the oft-repeated discovery how innocent they arehow often and easily they make mistakes and lose their way, in short, how childish and simple they are,but that there is not enough honest dealing with them, whereas they all raise a loud and virtuous outcry when the problem of truthfulness is even hinted at in the remotest manner.They all pose as though their real opinions had been discovered and attained through the self-evolving of a cold, pure, divinely indifferent dialectic (in line of products to all sorts of mystics, who, fairer and foolisher, talk of inspiration), whereas, in fact, a prejudiced proposition, idea, or suggestion, which is generally their hearts desire abstracted and refined, is defended by them with arguments sought out after the event.They are all advocates who do not wish to be regarded as such, generally astute defenders, also, of their prejudices, which they dub truths, and VERY far from having the conscience which courageously admits this to itself, very far from having the good taste of the courage which goes so far as to let this be understood, perhaps to warn friend or foe, or in cheerful confidence and self-ridicule. The spectacle of the Tartuffery of old Kant, equally stiff and decent, with which he entices us into the dialectic by-ways that lead (more correctly mislead) to his categorical imperative makes us overnice ones smile, we who find no small amusement in spying out Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com the subtle tricks of old moralists and ethical preachers.Or, still more so, the hocus-pocus in mathematical form, by means of which Spinoza has, as it were, clad his philosophy in mail and maskin fact, the love of HIS wisdom, to read the term fairly and squarelyin order thereby to strike terror at once into the heart of the assailant who should dare to cast a glance on that invincible maiden, that Pallas Athenehow much of personal timidity and vulnerability does this masquerade of a sickly recluse betray6. It has bi t by bit become clear to me what every great philosophy up till now has consisted ofnamely, the confession of its originator, and a species of involuntary and unconscious auto-biography and moreover that the moral (or immoral) occasion in every philosophy has constituted the true vital germ out of which the entire plant has always grown. Indeed, to understand how the abstrusest metaphysical assertions of a philosopher have been arrived at, it is always well (and wise) to first ask oneself What morality do they (or does he) aim at? Accordingly, I do not believe that an impulse to knowledge is the give of philosophy but that another impulse, here as elsewhere, has only made use of knowledge (and mistaken knowledge ) as an instrument. But whoever considers the fundamental impulses of man with a pile to determining how far they may have here acted as INSPIRING GENII (or as demons and cobolds), will find that they have all technical philosophy at one time or another, and that each on e of them would have been only too glad to look upon itself as the ultimate end of existence 10 Beyond Good and Evil and the legitimate LORD over all the other impulses. For every impulse is imperious, and as SUCH, attempts to philosophize.To be sure, in the case of scholars, in the case of really scientific men, it may be otherwisebetter, if you will there there may really be such a thing as an impulse to knowledge, some kind of small, independent clock-work, which, when well wound up, works away industriously to that end, WITHOUT the rest of the scholarly impulses pickings any material part therein.The actual interests of the scholar, therefore, are generally in quite another direction in the family, perhaps, or in money-making, or in politics it is, in fact, almost indifferent at what address of research his little machine is placed, and whether the hopeful young worker becomes a good philologist, a mushroom specialist, or a chemist he is not CHARACTERISED by becoming this or t hat.In the philosopher, on the contrary, there is absolutely vigour indifferent and above all, his morality furnishes a decided and decisive testimony as to WHO HE IS,that is to say, in what order the deepest impulses of his nature stand to each other. 7. How malicious philosophers can be I know of nothing more stinging than the joke Epicurus took the liberty of making on Plato and the Platonists he called them Dionysiokolakes. In its original sense, and on the facial expression of it, the word signifies Flatterers of Dionysiusconsequently, tyrants accessories and lick-spittles besides this, however, it is as much as to say, They are all ACTORS, there is nothing genuine about them (for Dionysiokolax was a popular Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com 11 name for an actor).And the latter is really the malignant reproach that Epicurus cast upon Plato he was annoyed by the grandiose manner, the mise en scene style of which Plato and his scholars were mastersof which Epicurus was not a ma ster He, the old school-teacher of Samos, who sat concealed in his little garden at Athens, and wrote three hundred books, perhaps out of rage and ambitious envy of Plato, who knows Greece took a hundred years to find out who the garden-god Epicurus really was.Did she ever find out? 8. There is a point in every philosophy at which the conviction of the philosopher appears on the scene or, to put it in the words of an ancient mystery Adventavit asinus, Pulcher et fortissimus. 9. You desire to LIVE fit in to Nature? Oh, you impressive Stoics, what fraud of wordsImagine to yourselves a being like Nature, boundlessly extravagant, boundlessly indifferent, without purpose or consideration, without pity or justice, at once fruitful and barren and uncertain imagine to yourselves INDIFFERENCE as a powerhow COULD you live in accordance with such indifference? To liveis not that just endeavouring to be otherwise than this Nature?Is not living valuing, preferring, being unjust, being limited, endeavouring to be different? And granted that your imperative, living according to Nature, means actu1 Beyond Good and Evil ally the same as living according to lifehow could you do DIFFERENTLY? Why should you make a linguistic rule out of what you yourselves are, and must be? In reality, however, it is quite otherwise with you while you pretend to read with rapture the canon of your law in Nature, you want something quite the contrary, you extraordinary stage-players and self-deludersIn your pride you wish to dictate your morals and ideals to Nature, to Nature herself, and to incorporate them therein you insist that it shall be Nature according to the Stoa, and would like everything to be made after your own image, as a vast, eternal glorification and generalism of Stoicism With all your love for truth, you have forced yourselves so long, so persistently, and with such hypnotic rigidity to see Nature FALSELY, that is to say, Stoically, that you are no longer able to see it other wise and to crown all, some unfathomable superciliousness gives you the Bedlamite hope that BECAUSE you are able to tyrannize over yourselvesStoicism is self-tyrannyNature will also allow herself to be tyrannized over is not the Stoic a piece of music of Nature? But this is an old and everlasting story what happened in old times with the Stoics still happens today, as soon as ever a philosophy begins to believe in itself. It always creates the world in its own image it cannot do otherwise philosophy is this tyrannical impulse itself, the most spiritual Will to Power, the will to creation of the world, the will to the causa prima. 10. The eagerness and subtlety, I should even say craftiness, with which the problem of the real and the apparent world Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com 1 is dealt with at present throughout Europe, furnishes food for thought and attention and he who hears only a Will to Truth in the background, and nothing else, cannot certainly boast of the sharpest ears .In rare and isolated cases, it may really have happened that such a Will to Trutha certain extravagant and adventuresome pluck, a metaphysicians ambition of the forlorn hopehas participated therein that which in the end always prefers a handful of certainty to a whole cartload of well-favored possibilities there may even be puritanical fanatics of conscience, who prefer to put their last trust in a sure nothing, rather than in an uncertain something. But that is Nihilism, and the sign of a despairing, mortally wearied soul, notwithstanding the courageous bearing such a virtue may display. It seems, however, to be otherwise with stronger and livelier thinkers who are still eager for life.In that they side AGAINST appearance, and speak superciliously of perspective, in that they rank the credibility of their own bodies about as low as the credibility of the ocular prove that the earth stands still, and thus, apparently, allowing with complacency their securest possession to escape (for what does one at present believe in more firmly than in ones body? ),who knows if they are not really trying to win back something which was creatorly an even securer possession, something of the old domain of the faith of former times, perhaps the immortal soul, perhaps the old God, in short, ideas by which they could live better, that is to say, more vigorously and more joyously, than by neo ideas? There is DISTRUST of these modern ideas in this mode of looking at things, a 1 Beyond Good and Evildisbelief in all that has been constructed yesterday and today there is perhaps some slight admixture of satiety and scorn, which can no longer endure the BRIC-A-BRAC of ideas of the most varied origin, such as alleged(prenominal) Positivism at present throws on the market a disgust of the more refined taste at the village-fair motleyness and patchiness of all these reality-philosophasters, in whom there is nothing either new or true, except this motleyness. Therein it seems to me that we should agree with those skeptical anti-realists and knowledge-microscopists of the present day their instinct, which repels them from MODERN reality, is unrefuted what do their retrograde by-paths concern usThe main thing about them is NOT that they wish to go back, but that they wish to get AWAY therefrom. A little MORE strength, swing, courage, and artistic power, and they would be pipand not back 11. It seems to me that there is everyplace an attempt at present to divert attention from the actual influence which Kant exercised on German philosophy, and especially to abbreviate prudently the value which he set upon himself. Kant was first and foremost proud of his Table of Categories with it in his hand he said This is the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics. Let us only understand this could be He was proud of having DISCOVERED a new faculty in man, the faculty of synthetic judgment a priori.Granting that he deceived himself in this matter the development and rapid flourishing of German philosophy depended nevertheless on his pride, and on the Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com 1 eager rivalry of the younger generation to discover if possible somethingat all events new facultiesof which to be still prouder But let us reflect for a momentit is high time to do so. How are synthetic judgments a priori POSSIBLE? Kant asks himselfand what is really his resolving? BY MEANS OF A MEANS (faculty)but unfortunately not in five words, but so circumstantially, imposingly, and with such display of German sense and verbal flourishes, that one altogether loses sight of the comical niaiserie allemande involved in such an answer.People were beside themselves with delight over this new faculty, and the jubilation reached its advent when Kant further discovered a moral faculty in manfor at that time Germans were still moral, not yet dabbling in the Politics of hard fact. Then came the honeymoon of German philosophy. All th e young theologians of the Tubingen institution went immediately into the grovesall seeking for faculties. And what did they not findin that innocent, rich, and still youthful intent of the German spirit, to which Romanticism, the malicious fairy, piped and sang, when one could not yet distinguish between finding and inventing Above all a faculty for the transcendentalSchelling christened it, intellectual intuition, and thereby gratified the most earnest longings of the naturally pious-inclined Germans. bingle can do no greater wrong to the whole of this exuberant and eccentric movement (which was really youthfulness, notwithstanding that it disguised itself so boldly, in hoary and senile conceptions), than to take it seriously, or even treat it with moral indignation. Enough, howeverthe world 1 Beyond Good and Evil grew older, and the dream vanished.A time came when people rubbed their foreheads, and they still rub them today. People had been dreaming, and first and foremostold Kant. By means of a means (faculty)he had said, or at least meant to say. But, is thatan answer? An explanation? Or is it not rather merely a repetition of the question? How does opium do sleep? By means of a means (faculty), namely the virtus dormitiva, replies the doctor in Moliere, Quia est in eo virtus dormitiva, Cujus est natura sensus assoupire.But such replies belong to the realm of comedy, and it is high time to replace the Kantian question, How are synthetic judgments a PRIORI possible? by another question, Why is belief in such judgments necessary? in effect, it is high time that we should understand that such judgments must be believed to be true, for the sake of the preservation of creatures like ourselves though they still might naturally be false judgmentsOr, more plainly spoken, and roughly and readilysynthetic judgments a priori should not be possible at all we have no right to them in our mouths they are nothing but false judgments. Only, of course, the belief in their truth is necessary, as plausible belief and ocular evidence belonging to the perspective view of life.And finally, to call to mind the enormous influence which German philosophyI hope you understand its right to inverted commas (goosefeet)? has Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com 1 exercised throughout the whole of Europe, there is no doubt that a certain VIRTUS DORMITIVA had a share in it thanks to German philosophy, it was a delight to the noble idlers, the virtuous, the mystics, the artiste, the three-fourths Christians, and the political obscurantists of all nations, to find an antidote to the still overwhelming sensualism which overflowed from the last century into this, in shortsensus assoupire. 12.As regards materialistic atomic theory, it is one of the best- refuted theories that have been advanced, and in Europe there is now perhaps no one in the learned world so unscholarly as to keep apart serious signification to it, except for convenient everyday use (as an abbre viation of the means of expression) thanks chiefly to the Pole Boscovich he and the Pole Copernicus have hitherto been the greatest and most successful opponents of ocular evidence.For while Copernicus has persuaded us to believe, contrary to all the senses, that the earth does NOT stand fast, Boscovich has taught us to abjure the belief in the last thing that stood fast of the earththe belief in substance, in matter, in the earth-residuum, and particle- atom it is the greatest triumph over the senses that has hitherto been gained on earth.One must, however, go still further, and also declare war, relentless war to the knife, against the atomistic requirements which still lead a dangerous after-life in places where no one suspects them, like the more celebrated metaphysical requirements one must also above all give the finishing stroke to that other and more portentous atomism which Christianity has 1 Beyond Good and Evil taught best and longest, the SOUL- ATOMISM.Let it be permitte d to designate by this expression the belief which regards the soul as something indestructible, eternal, indivisible, as a monad, as an atomon this belief ought to be expelled from science Between ourselves, it is not at all necessary to get rid of the soul thereby, and thus renounce one of the oldest and most venerated hypothesesas happens frequently to the clumsiness of naturalists, who can hardly touch on the soul without immediately losing it.But the way is open for new acceptations and refinements of the soul-hypothesis and such conceptions as mortal soul, and soul of subjective multiplicity, and soul as social structure of the instincts and passions, want henceforth to have legitimate rights in science.In that the parvenue psychologist is about to put an end to the superstitions which have hitherto flourished with almost tropical luxuriance around the idea of the soul, he is really, as it were, thrusting himself into a new desert and a new distrustit is possible that the old er psychologists had a merrier and more comfortable time of it eventually, however, he finds that precisely thereby he is also condemned to INVENTand, who knows?perhaps to DISCOVER the new. 13. Psychologists should bethink themselves before putting down the instinct of self-preservation as the cardinal instinct of an organic being. A living thing seeks above all to DISCHARGE its strengthlife itself is WILL TO POWER self-preservation is only one of the indirect and most frequent RESULTS thereof. In short, here, as everywhere else, Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com 1 let us beware of SUPERFLUOUS teleological principles one of which is the instinct of self- preservation (we owe it to Spinozas inconsistency). It is thus, in effect, that method ordains, which must be essentially economy of principles. 14.It is perhaps just dawning on five or six minds that natural philosophy is only a world-exposition and worldarrangement (according to us, if I may say so ) and NOT a world-explanation bu t in so far as it is based on belief in the senses, it is regarded as more, and for a long time to come must be regarded as morenamely, as an explanation. It has eyes and fingers of its own, it has ocular evidence and palpableness of its own this operates fascinatingly, persuasively, and CONVINCINGLY upon an age with fundamentally plebeian tastesin fact, it follows instinctively the canon of truth of eternal popular sensualism. What is clear, what is explained? Only that which can be seen and matteone must pursue every problem thus far.Obversely, however, the charm of the Platonic mode of thought, which was an ARISTOCRATIC mode, consisted precisely in RESISTANCE to obvious sense-evidenceperhaps among men who enjoyed even stronger and more fastidious senses than our contemporaries, but who knew how to find a higher triumph in remaining masters of them and this by means of pale, cold, grey-haired conceptional networks which they threw over the motley whirl of the sensesthe mob of th e senses, as Plato said. In this overcoming of the world, and interpreting of the world in the manner of Plato, there was an ENJOYMENT different from that which the physicists 0 Beyond Good and Evil of today offer usand likewise the Darwinists and antiteleologists among the physiological workers, with their principle of the smallest possible effort, and the greatest possible blunder.Where there is nothing more to see or to grasp, there is also nothing more for men to dothat is certainly an imperative different from the Platonic one, but it may notwithstanding be the right imperative for a hardy, laborious race of machinists and bridge- builders of the future, who have nothing but ROUGH work to perform. 15. To study physiology with a clear conscience, one must insist on the fact that the sense-organs are not phenomena in the sense of the idealistic philosophy as such they certainly could not be causesSensualism, therefore, at least as regulative hypothesis, if not as heuristic princi ple. What? And others say even that the external world is the work of our organs? But then our body, as a part of this external world, would be the work of our organs But then our organs themselves would be the work of our organs It seems to me that this is a complete REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM, if the conception CAUSA SUI is something fundamentally absurd.Consequently, the external world is NOT the work of our organs? 16. There are still harmless self-observers who believe that there are immediate certainties for instance, I think, or as the superstition of Schopenhauer puts it, I will as though cognition here got hold of its object purely and simply as the thing in itself, without any falsification taking place eiFree eBooks at Planet eBook. com 1 ther on the part of the subject or the object. I would repeat it, however, a hundred times, that immediate certainty, as well as absolute knowledge and the thing in itself, involve a CONTRADICTIO IN ADJECTO we really ought to free ourselves fr om the misleading significance of wordsThe people on their part may think that cognition is knowing all about things, but the philosopher must say to himself When I analyze the process that is expressed in the sentence, I think, I find a whole series of insolent assertions, the argumentative proof of which would be difficult, perhaps impossible for instance, that it is I who think, that there must necessarily be something that thinks, that thinking is an activity and operation on the part of a being who is thought of as a cause, that there is an ego, and finally, that it is already determined what is to be designated by thinkingthat I KNOW what thinking is. For if I had not already decided within myself what it is, by what standard could I determine whether that which is just happening is not perhaps willing or flavor?

Learning Plan Essay Example for Free

scholarship Plan EssayThe learning plan described in this paper is to have a bun in the oven students contend a number connect to the gracious War. The debate topic is Was the Emancipation Proclamation enacted for moral reasons or political reasons? The main concept of this learning plan is to have students work collaboratively to query facts, and recall and give facts from the Civil War unit to consist into their arguments. (It should be noted that the learning plan described in this paper leave incorporate several classes to complete, yet the learning plan procedures allow moreover address the class where the debate leave occur. ) It is assumed that debate readinesss were taught in a earlier class. The learning theory certainly incorporates constructivist aspects. They are constructing knowledge rather than absorbing it. This is constructivist approach is garnishd by the collaborative personality of the assignment, as well as by means of the enquiry that st udents moldiness produce. In terms of the use of technology and media the students volition be instructed to research one source of knowledge, from the internet, related to their argument. They mustiness submit a one-page epitome of the knowledge in which they found along with a references page.This must be submitted to the instructor a week before the scheduled debate. The t distributivelyer result assess the content of the paper, but the references page will alike be important. teacher must valuate the kinds of internet sources that the students have used. The credibility of the internet source, and the specialization of students research will be analyzed by the teacher. The purpose is to assess students traditional literacy and critical analytical skills (assessed when evaluating the content), and information literacy/interpretation skills of online material (assessed by reviewing the reference page). Finally, the teacher will hand back papers to the students, and he/sh e will instruct each group to use at least two of their group members papers into their groups arguments.Media and technology will also be unified with the use of social media. The teacher will name students that their debates will be recorded and submitted to youtube or a private school website (if issues of privacy are raised). Others will be allowed to view the tv to evaluate the strength of each squads arguments. Based on the comments of public viewers, a winner will be chosen (by favorite vote). This popular vote will be incorporated as a small percentage into the assessment. This is being done as to allow students toparticipate in juvenile media opportunities in spite of appearance an educational context. Learning Plan ContextSettingThe high necessitate school will be a High School in the Bay Area, either in San Francisco or Oakland. There will be 25-30 students in an individual classroom.The lesson will take place the week afterwards the Civil War unit is finished. I t is anticipated that the unit will last about two weeks, therefore the debate class will occur during the third week. The essential debate class will take up one class period. The content area is US History/Politics. The grade level is Juniors (11th grade). In sum, the platform unit is 11th grade, US History/Politics, Civil War unit. StandardsAccording to California standards for literacy in History/Social Studies in 6-12th grades. A student must be able to demonstrate analysis of primary and arcsecondary sources, and connect these insights to the understanding of the whole text. This ability will be addressed and assessed when students must incorporate information learned from the textbook with information gained from the internet, and use both sources of information, into their debate. The students ability to undertake this task will be evaluated by the teacher with the submission of students sources, and also during the debate. (http//www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalel accssstandards.pdf.) Also according to California standards, students must be able to evaluate various explanations for events and actions.Learning intentionStudents will be able to collaboratively demonstrate their knowledge of Civil War policy, events and information, from the textbook and from online sources, by formulating arguments to be presented within a debate. Learning Theory ApplicationsConstructivism is certainly at play in this lesson planThe activity allows knowledge to be organized into schemas, concepts, and worldviews. This activity is emphasizing the use of au consequentlytic activities by constructing knowledge through interaction with the environments (internet and peers), and applying it to real-life situations (debate). The collaborative component certainly illustrates constuctivism learners will help each another(prenominal) create conceptual connections. Finally, students are working autonomously with the help of the teacher as facilitator, supporter, and mod el (Ormrod, 2006). Learning AccommodationsIndividualized Education Plan for Special Accomodations In each team, all students will be assigned a office. For example, speaker, source, date-keeper. A students IEP will be taken into consideration when delegate roles. A student with an IEP, will be assigned a role that best fits their IEP. For example, a student with ADD, may be best suited to be a time-keeper since their attention span is not as focused. They may be anxious to change the pace of the groups discussions, and therefore they may be eager to keep track of the time. Language Development needs When assigning the internet-based research the teacher will give ELL students a website to navigate to, instead of having the students navigate the internet themselves. Teacher will give explicit instructions as to where to look on the website so students do not feel too overwhelmed with the English language.Teacher will ask the students to try to comprehend some of the information, however if this proves too difficult, then the teacher will ask the students to find 15-20 words from the website that the student did not understand. The student will then find the meanings of these words in their own language. They must write at least a paragraph about the Civil War unit incorporating five of the words that they found on the internet. Also,at least two of these words must be incorporated into the arguments of their team. Gifted and Talented needs This is a challenging component to consider because a gifted/talented student does not necessarily mean an academic-rigorous student. To really tailor the lesson to address the interests of a gifted/talented student, then the teacher will have to be familiar with the personality of that particular student. However, some situations will be addressed here. First of all, from the research, the lesson itself befits that of a gifted/talented student.Competition, which characterizes a debate, usually suits the nature of gifted /talented students. The first situation to consider is a student who is gifted/talented, but not academically rigorous. This student will be apt(p) a leadership role within his/her team. He/she may be assigned to organize/manage all the ideas of the students. He/she is the one who will be given the semblance for what the teacher is assessing when observing the teams discussions and arguments. He/she is the manager, and he/she will be assessed on their ability to keep his/her team on task. In this way, this student isnt necessarily doing more academic work, but he/she is being challenged in a rather difficult manner. A second situation to consider is to have a gifted/talented student who is academically rigorous. The teacher will give this student a second component to add to his/her research paper. The student must connect textbook material and internet material to the US politics of today. This is increasing the cognitive operate from analyze (which all students must do with the ir research papers) to evaluate (Anderson and Krathwol, 2001). The student commode choose to incorporate this extra component into their teams arguments. alternative AccommodationsLow tech There are no ready reckoners, projector, or internet access in the classroom. If this is the case, teacher may have to allocate time in different lessons to use school facilities where computers are available. Computers must be used so that the teacher can fork over students the kinds of websites that are apt, as well as to use sites, analogous youtube, to show students examples of debates. Computer use is necessary so teacher may have to take time before or after school to meet with students (who are willing) to show them the above-mentioned websites. Mid tech One computer connectedto a projector is available in the classroom. The teacher can use this computer to show examples of credible websites, as well as to show examples of debates online. High tech Class is equipped with several compu ters. Teams can go online themselves to view videos of debates and start research for their paper. In this way, the collaborative nature of the lesson will start even earlier (in the pre-planning stage). Content-Based Literacy SkillsIn terms of text-based literacy students must incorporate information from their textbook into their arguments Critical thinking, reflective thought, and text-supported thinking will be illustrated when students must draw connections between internet-based information and textbook information while doing their analysis/research paper. This connection will be evaluated when students cute their sources within their paper. (This explanation will also illustrate students information literacy.) New Media Literacy SkillsPerformance This skill is illustrated when students view sample debates on the internet and use this as models of performance in their own debates. Collective Intelligence This skill is done when students are within their respective teams and t hey must draw upon their own and others ideas, research, and knowledge to formulate strong arguments. Judgement This skill is illustrated when students must judge which websites and information are to be include in their research/analysis paper. Networking Once again, this skill is illustrated when students must search, connect, and analyze information on the internet for the purpose of their research/analysis paper (Jenkins, 2001). Learning MaterialTextbook Learners will need textbook so that they can recall information. Paper, pen Leaners will need so that they can write mastered information. Rubric Both the learner and teacher needs. Learners need it so that they are aware of whats expected of them while working in teams and formulating their arguments. Teacher needs it so that he/she can refer to it when assessing the teams progress. Notes Learners will need them as a reference when formulating arguments. Stopwatch/watch This will be given tothe student whose job is timekeeper. Video Camera Used to record the debateLearning Plan ProceduresPhase I Motivation ActivityTeacher will show a short clip of a very powerful, interesting debate. Possibly a presidential debate. The clip will only show the most poignant part (according to the teacher) of the debate. Hopefully the clip will be no longer than 5 minutes long. (if theres no computer available, then teacher must bring in her/his own computer.) In a class of 30 chair/table. There will be 15 chairs/ tables on each side of the room. They will be facing eachother. Learners will enter the classroom and sit down immediately with their team. The teacher will then show the video as soon as the class is seated and quiet. This activity is being done to motivate, encourage, and remind students of what a good debate looks like so that the output of the students debates can match skills such as speaking (clear and concise) and eye-contact of the debaters within the video. Phase II Input (Teacher Driven) ActivityDuring this class, the teacher will, serve only as facilitator, therefore not much activity will be driven by the teacher. However, after the video, the teacher will remind students of the rubric that was given to them, and tell students that she/he is only their to assist in the logistics of the debate (time, flow, managing emotions if this becomes a problem). The teacher will also instruct students to take notes on each others arguments because this assignment will be important for their homework assignment. She/he will also remind student that they will be recorded. Teacher will tell all students to take out their rubrics.She/He will go over some key point from the rubric as it relates to the debate. The teacher will tell students to make sure that they keep these key points in mind because these points will be assessed during the debate. The teacher will instruct students to have their rubrics out for the perfect class so they can monitor their teams progress by themselves. Teacher wi ll formally go over key questions from the rubric that he/she hopes the teams have incorporated into the nature of the debate (clear speech, eye contact,concise points, respectful behavior) as well as into the content of the debate. In term of the nature of the debate, questions might look like Is my team being quiet/respectful as the other team presents their arguments?, Are my responses to the others teams arguments not disdainful? etc. In terms of the content of the debate, questions may look like, Did my team incorporate facts from the textbook?, Did my team use at least two credible internet sources within the argument?, Did my team follow special instructions assigned by the teacher (e.g. incorporating ideas from IEP students, ELL student, gifted students)?. This activity and these questions serve to remind students of the greatness of the collaborative nature of the learning objective. They also serve to remind students that they must be able to demonstrate their understand ing of the Civil War unit, as well as their understanding of outside sources within the context of an argument. Phase III Output (Learner Driven) ActivityStudents will take part in a debate. The topic is Was the Emancipation Proclamation enacted for moral reasons or political reasons? This activity will illustrate the learning objective in several ways. First, the collaborative nature of the former classes will finally be demonstrated. Second, the students must illustrate their knowledge of Civil War policies within their arguments. Third, both sides arguments must include information from outside sources. The teacher will select one team to present their arguments first. Recording will beginThe speaker of that team will stand up and come to the front line of the class. They will present their teams argument. In the argument they must mention the sources in which they got their information. For example, if they got a particular piece of data from the textbook, then they must state As is presented in the textbook. If they got a particular piece of data from the internet then they must state, As is presented on so-called website, or by so-called author They must also explicitly state how they used the special instructions from the teacher. For example, (ELLs students name) found that agree was not a possible solution of the Civil War. In this example, it is assumed that compromise was on a list of words that an ELL student did not understand. He/she presented these list of words tohis/her team. The team reviewed the list, and chose to use the word compromise as part of their argument. The student will finish the presentation of his/her argument. The teacher will tell the next team to present its argument. The team will follow the same procedure as above. The teacher will then stop recording of the debate.This debate will naturally lead to questions, comments from both the teacher and the students. Phase IV CulminationThe teacher will ask the groups to clear u p any misunderstandings or misinformation the teams may have had within their argument. This is to give other team members a chance to speak about the argument, which reinforces the collaborative effort of the lesson. The teacher will also ask students how their teams or the other teams information and debate skills differed and how these things were similar to the debate presented in the beginning of the class. As a smaller activity, the teacher will instruct all the students to come up with one question, comment, critique of the other teams argument. This assignment will illustrate each students understanding of the Civil War Unit because it challenges students to relate, connect, or counter-argue their own knowledge of the unit. This question will be submitted to the teacher. Phase V ExtensionFor homework, students will write a one-page analysis of the opposing teams arguments. The student will address the opposing sides arguments. He/she will evaluate the arguments weaknesses, s trengths and why he/she disagreed or agreed with the points that were made. Learning Plan AnalysisFormative assessments will include analyzing the collaborative efforts of the team, the behavior of each team during the presentation of the opposing teams arguments, how well each team member took on their role within their team, and how well the team incorporated textbook information, outside information, and special instructions from the teacher into their argument. A summative assessment will include the teachers evaluation of the internet analysis/research paper, the one-page analysis of opposing teams argument, teachers evaluations of the strength of the arguments, and finally the popular vote (the results of youtube or school-based website).Weaknesses of this lesson plan include time constraints, and the many assessments involved. It may be difficult to accurately assess how well each team members took on their roles. Some students may still be fetching on more work than others. Also, incorporating ELL/IEP students proved to be a difficult task.. Strength of the lesson is it fosters team work, analytical skills, and gives students more power in the direction and death penalty of a lesson. The teacher will implement these varied assessments in its first year, and then will evaluate the effectiveness of these assessments for future classes.The learning theories applied in the first phase was Vygotzkys Cognitive Process. Students are witnessing two adults debating and they are expected to try to learn/imitate the behaviors of those adults. In the second phase, social cognitive theory is at play. The teacher both models desired behaviors/outcomes, as well as emphasizes self-efficacy and self-regulation. In the third phase, constructivism is illustrated. The debate is student-driven because the students are demonstrating their constructed knowledge within the debate. The assessments have a behaviorist component. Negative reinforcement (decrease a behavior) is illustrated when the teacher warns students that if they are not respectful or a team member does not post meaningfully, then they may be marked down (Ormrod, 2008).ReferencesAnderson, L. W. , Krathwol, D. R. (2001) . A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing, 28-31.California Department of Education. (2013) California Common Core State Standards. http//www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalelaccssstandards.pdf Jenkins, H., Clinton, K., Purushotma, R., Robison, A. J., and Weigel, M. (2006). Confronting the Challenges of Participatory tillage Media Education for the 21st Century. Chicago, IL MacArthur Foundation. Ormrod, J. E. (2008). Educational Psychology Developing Learners, 8. 25-36. Teachers First. (2014) http//www.teachersfirst.com/gifted_strategies.cfm

Ford Motor Company SWOT Analysis

Ford Motor Company SWOT Analysis(S)trengthsFord is a well-known brand in the automobile industry and global markets, due to huge totals of marketing and advertising. Ford is the one of the best known brands in the world. Ford has a greater amount of customer loyalty, and its individual brands have been enjoying the benefits of the good reputation.Ford has brands and models of cars that appeal to every kind of demographic group and cater for the needs and wants of consumers. Ford uses a rummy concept of virtual assembly lines in their models through which they are able to reuse the same spare in their diversified model of cars. This enables Ford to diminish cost on production of new spares and competition market price. Ford provides the consumer more variety of cars and commercial vehicles, so consumer has more choices. Ford also supports rush along teams which include NASCAR, Formula One and others.Through online marketing, Ford has the capability to provide the online consumer a selection of cars. Online, the consumer can customize the engine, colour, interiors and exteriors.Furthermore, Ford is maintaining the relations with high profiled companies kindred Suzuki and Isuzu to develop quality vehicles, in the part due to technological alliances between the companies.Ford is rich in operations and distribution efficiency. This is because manufacturing facilities operate its business in more than thirty countries and it enhances its manufacturing process in around 90 plants and facilities worldwide. The company always develops cars on standardized procedures and invest heavily in alternate discharge sources.Ford recruits qualified and skilled employees, maintaining a good relationship with them, by offering better work environments and competitive wages. Ford is more concerned somewhat the working environment and safety aspects of the employees.(W)eaknessesThe company has a lot of suffered due to product recalls, harming Fords brand image. This hasbeen a huge cost to the company, tarnishing the brand image and disconfirming Fords sales.Large unfunded pensions and various obligations are termed as the weakness of Ford automobile company. Ford takes more responsibilities in unfunded pensions, health care and life story insurance obligations of the employee. Ford invests more money on maintaining a good working environment.Ford expanded its business operations in diversified geographic areas, so management is missing focus on performance and struggles with low productivity.Ford has kept increasing the productivity, while decreasing the cost and simultaneously counting the number of employees exit, decreasing employee loyalty towards the company.Ford does not have an effective cost management system and have not taken considerable efforts to thrash this, since they believed paying premiums in single supplier model.Ford does not concentrate and invest much for design phase and lack innovative design structures on their new paddle of cars.(O)pportunitiesThe current Ford automobile company is producing the cars with low mileage and pick up. Ford has a great opportunity to produce render efficient cars and commercial vehicles. For example, the company produced vehicles that run on different forms of energy outside the petrol and diesel whereas cars can run on renewable energies exchangeable solar power and bio fuels. This can help the company to become pioneers in the industry.Ford has to expand more options in designing the cars and commercial vehicles are anticipate to switch toward the hybrid electric engines due to the limited petroleum. If the cars are designed based on electricity engines the consumers will show more interest to vitiate the cars, this is because when the car is run on electricity, the car repair charge will cheaper. Besides this, Ford has a chance to become more environment golden company with cleaner engine emissions because hybrid engines are more fuel efficient and less polluting tha n conventional gasoline and diesel engines.Ford tried to qualify their market towards India and China in order to diversify their revenues because the cardinal countries are well-known countries with large geographical markets and high populations. Most people in these two countries are interested in owning a four wheeler for their family.Ford launched a restructuring plan to improve the performance of its automotive business in join America. This plan aims to make the North American business more customer-focused, product-driven and efficient. The North American capacity is likely to be realigned to match demand, with 14 manufacturing facilities to be idled, resulting in significant cost savings and reduced employment. The way forward plan focuses on restoring Fords North American automotive operations to profitability.(T)hreatsIncrease the raw satisfying like hard steel price and roll steel coil price will affect the margin price of the car. As a tout ensemble it will obvious ly affect the companys profit margin of the ford because of low margin price.Ford growth and development may effected by rapid growth in number of competitors in the automobile company. From the beginning America demanded automobile industry. Fords main competitors are General motors, Toyota, Honda, BMW, etc.Ford capital expending low on its operations and research development expenditure which could influence the company from going forward when compared to its competitors. The competitors are spending big amount on RD programmes.Although global warning turning out to be greatest threat and individual use of automobile vehicle increase the risk of further, the cars and other confidential vehicle are the part of basic necessity on a common mans view. Therefore this is believed that no real threat of substitutes exits today, but it is believed that choosing other forms of sustain such as bicycles, public transports and sharing mobility would soon be imported in to the mind of peop le.

Environment Pollution Caused By Construction Activities Environmental Sciences Essay

Environment Pollution Ca dropd By Construction Activities environmental Sciences EssayThis chapter present the brief teaching and effects of the purlieual douses happened in the Malaysian Construction Sites. This is a literature chapter review on the environmental pollution happened which relieve oneselfd by the anatomical structure activities in Malaysia. For example, oxygenize pollution, water system pollution, water pollution, hurly burly pollution, wastage problem, ground movements and etc.2.2 Environment Pollution Caused by Construction ActivitiesAccording to Krishnan Ganesh (2005) describe that the pollution consists of any(prenominal) change of the environment in physical, chemical or biological characteristics which might be endanger the human manners and other life being. Besides, pollution might occurred in increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other green house gases conversely decreasing in stratospheric ozone on global scale enhanced the global environmental poll ution to air, water and land resources, biological diversity and human health.establish on Jennifer Gray (2010), the edifice industry is a major source of pollution compound around 4% of particulate emissions, grittyer occurrences of water pollution incidents than any other industry and frequent complains of noise every year. However, the main disciplines of concern be including air, water, noise and soil pollution.Mean go, Zhen et al (2006) tell the dirt, harmful gases, noises, blazing lights, solid and liquid wastes, ground movements, messy, fallen item, and etc that hazards from construction site are the sources of pollution. It would also interrupt the residents or so the area furthermore influence their health quality and well-being of people in the whole city.In short, construction industry at site has wide of the mark of danger, difficult and grimy or even death syndrome which are to be encountered and control low certain rules regulations. However, these rules r egulation of environmental guard mountain be imposed by the local statutory, government, and any other independent institutions.2.2.1 Air PollutionNancy J. Sell (1945) notes the definition of air pollution is an addition to our atmosphere of any materials having a damaging effect on life and environment. Normally are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxides (NO), sulphur oxides (SO) and various hydrocarbons and particulates which are small particles consists of solids.The construction activities much(prenominal) as land clearing, operation of diesel engines, demolition, burning and working with toxic materials will contribute to air pollution. All construction activities produce high level of dust which dejection effects large distance over long time (Jennifer Gray, 2010). In addition, Jennifer (2010) also stated that diesel is the virtually hyper detailed emissions of a lot of toxic gases. Air pollution occur when the noxious vapours and other hazardous chem icals that are widely used on construction sites.The human health will be affected same as to the animal(prenominal) by the various types of pollutants. Most of the time, animal death can be happened by air pollutant as long it goes into the animal food sources. Damage on plant might be visible or which affect the growth, productiveness and life will possess of the plants will be damaged (Nancy J. Sell, 1945).At last, the air pollution is directly linked to the human and other wild life being. This is because the poisonous air particular will damaging the respiratory systems of every living organism. Other serious diseases will also happen due to the stingy inhaled of clean air and excessive inhaled of hazard oxygen. at that placefore, the air quality is required to be controlled on construction sites moreover off the sites.2.2.2 Water Pollutiondiesel motor and oil, paint, solvents, cleaners and other harmful chemicals and construction debris and dirt can be direct sources causin g of water pollution. Soil corrosion cause silt-bearing run-off and depository pollution when the land is cleared. Silt and soil that run into inhering waterways turn them turbid and restrict sunlight filtration and devastate aquatic life. In addition, other pollutants such as diesel and oil, toxic chemicals, and building materials from the site will be carried by the run-off of surface water. This happened to poison the water life when these substances return into waterways and any animal intake it. The source of human drinking water can be contaminated when the pollutants on construction sites soak into the groundwater which makes it much more difficult to meliorate than the surface water (Jennifer Gray, 2010).Based on Chiew Mynn, Jason and Joanthan (1997) shown that an example which the construction of a new golf course near the waterfall at Frasers Hill, Pahang tourism attraction. The woodwind instrument nearby has been cleared, no roots to hold on to the surrounding soil and erode when the rains come. Silt and sand that comes from the construction become extremely murky and dirty as the soils run into the waterfall. Consequently, the overwhelming of construction activities surround the waterfall has lost its attraction.In short, water pollution can be affecting the health and gum elastic of human and other wild life being gradually by intake the poisoned water sources which could not be purify completely. However, it might also cause massive damage to the building structures through the hidden running off of soil and water gradually under the foundation. Serious soil sedimentation and erosion will happen if excessive deforestation and development without proper plantation on the construction sites. Hence, the water pollution mustiness be preventing effectively in ordering to yield safe and health living of building environmental.2.2.3 Noise PollutionNoise is an increasingly omnipresent, yet underestimated, form of pollution. Long periods of expo sure to relatively low levels of noise can have adverse effects on human health, such as raised blood pressure, hypertension, disrupted sleep and cognitive development in children (Kiernan, 1997), diminished working memory span, and psychiatric disorders (Bond, 1996).The vehicles, heavy equipment and machinery on construction sites create a lot of noise. Excessive noise is annoyance and distracting, possible to cause loss in hearing, high blood pressure, sleep disturbance and extreme stress. Research has proven that high noise levels disturb the natural life cycles and usable habitat of animals (Jennifer Gray, 2010).As Choong Mek Zhin (2010) notes in his articles, Construction work going on at night in Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya is causing many residents to ache sleep and suffer from stress due to the constant noise from the confinement sites. The construction works are proceeding although on public holidays.There are various noise sources on the construction sites and which reveal various types of noise which need to be managed such as background noise, idling noise, blast noise, equal noise, rotating noise, intermittent noise, howling, screeches and squeals (Lisa M. Sabitoni, 1996).Therefore, heavy noise pollution can cause mental problem of the human. This could bring a wide linkage of damages to the residential area nearby the construction sites if the noise levels are not well managed.Table below shows the noise construction activities schedule for noise limitation.Table Typical vociferous construction activities against the permissible noise limits (Khairul Sani B Samsudin, 2007)Type of Works7am-7pm7pm-10pm10pm-7amVery Noisy Workse.g. piling, blasting, demolition, concreting works, use of percussion tools e.g. pneumatic hammers, etcYesNoNo fair Noisy Workse.g. erection/dismantling of formwork, tying/fixing of steel bars, operation of cranes, loading/unloading of construction materials, etcYesYesNoQuiet Workse.g. housekeeping, bricklaying, plast ering, painting, etcYesYesYes2.2.4 Wastage worryWaste produced by industrial operations has to be concerned as waste levels point out the appreciation of utilize of environment natural resources while the environmental issue is in concern globally. Construction industry has contributes a major waste to the overall waste volume among other industry operations annually for majority of the country. Most of the party involved in the operation do not alert of that construction waste can happen at every stage of the activities. During the stage on construction site, most of the resources are being used, therefore the major waste level are low which it can be observed for initial stage (Teoh Su Ping et al, 2009).As Ekanayake Ofori (2000) said, Construction waste can be divided into trine major categories which are material, dig out and machinery waste. However, material wastage is of more concern as more of the raw materials from which construction inputs are derived come from non-rene wable resources.In short, waste forethought stands critical step to ebb the pollution to the environment as the construction industry has contributes a major waste to the overall waste levels among the other industry operation. This is because every construction project is unique and heterogeneous which it undergoes with many various materials, methods, machinery under such long in durations. In addition, these construction wastes can cause an excessive amount of wastages which most of the inputs are produced from non-renewable resources such as timbers, steel bars, cement and sand, clay bricks, marble and gravel tiles and etc natural resources. Therefore, waste counsel must be operated in order to minimize the massive wastages problems and pollute the environment.2.3 SummaryConstruction industry is full of challenges among the other production industry. This is because any of the pollution such as air, water, noise, waste problems and etc can be happened in the construction site s if improper protection and prevention during every single stage of the construction. Therefore, these require lots of effort in managing the conditions of the construction sites under a long period of construction time. However, some certified environmental focussing form (EMS) with valuable process and procedure is useful in the protection of environmental quality. For example, international certified ISO 140012004 as an EMS.Chapter 3 Concept and Principles of ISO 14001 as environmental direction System (EMS)3.1 foundation garmentThis chapter is to present the concept and principles of the ISO 14001 as an EMS in Malaysian Construction Organizations. The important information including the introduction, concepts, benefits, methods, issues, challenges of processes and procedures in terms of implementing the ISO 14001 as an EMS.3.2 Concept of ISO 14001ISO 14001 was first published in 1996 and specified with actual requirement for an Environmental commission System (EMS). It app lies to those environmental aspects which the organisation has control and over which it can be expected to have an influence. ISO 14001 is often seen as the corner stone hackneyed of the ISO 14000 series. However, it is not only the most well known, but is the only ISO 14000 standard against which it is currently possible to be certified by an external certification authority. Having stated this, it does not itself state specific environmental performance criteria.This standard is applicable to any organization that wishes toImplement, maintain and bring out an environmental management system find out itself of its conformance with its own stated environmental policy (those policy commitments of course must be made) found conformanceEnsure compliance with environmental laws and regulations desire certification of its environmental management system by an external threesome party organizationMake a self-determination of conformance(ISO 14000/ ISO 14001 Environmental Management Gu ide, 1996)3.3 Implementation Process of EMS based on ISO 14001According to Sarkis (1998), who has listed down the five important steps which showing the successful implementation process of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) based on ISO 14001. The five important steps are shown as belowEnvironmental policy Firms must capture in a scripted document their intentions and principles in relation to their environmental behaviour. This statement must show firms commitment to comply with environmental legislation, to prevent pollution and also to potentially improve their environmental performance. It also must be accessible for the public. platformning Firms have to identify controllable environmental aspects and determine which ones have significant environmental impacts. These are the ones that firms should attend first. Then firms have to determine the sub judice dimensions of these impacts (which will depend on the sector, the geographical situation) and, based on this informat ion, they have to establish objectives and targets as well as the EMS to achieve them.Implementation and operation it means the allocation of human, financial and physical resources for these issues. Managers have to assign the environmental responsibilities, provide the sui knock back formulation to employees and also establish the internal and external communication channels in order to spread the environmental commitment among all the members in the organization and the stakeholders.Checking and tonic action It includes the measurement of environmental performance, the identification of deviations by comparing targets and results and the application of corrective actions when necessary. In order to be able to carry out these activities, firms must keep environmental records and have periodical auditing of the EMSs.Management review In order to guarantee the effectiveness and continuous improvement of the EMSs, managers have to review and get a feedback of all the policies, obje ctives and procedures.(Sarkis, J., 1998)At first, the organisations must comply with the environmental policies to prevent the environmental issues furthermore to improve their environmental performance. Then, the planning on controllable environmental aspects and impacts must be made in order to set up objectives and targets to be achieved by the organisations. Subsequently, experienced personnel have to apply the environmental management systems and ensure the environmental commitment has reached to every member in the organization as well as the stakeholders. Consequently, checking and corrective action must be interpreted which consists of environmental performance measures, comparison on divergence findings and rectifies actions. It would also required scheduled environmental records and periodical auditing of the EMS. Lastly, the management review step enables the managers to reassess and postulate feedback related to the effectiveness and necessary improvement required on th e policies, objectives and procedures.In short, a good EMS consists of not only the command five important steps of implementation processes but also required good integration of communication and coordination channels in between the executive personnel, managers, staffs, labours and other stakeholders. This could be the most critical point which might directly influence the effectiveness and efficiency of EMS in the entire organisations.3.4 Benefit of Implementing ISO 14001 in Construction OrganizationsAccording to Blackmores (2008) noted, there are three (3) main categories of benefits which are financial, operational or internal and external ranges as shown belowFinancialCost savings by minimise the waste and use of natural resources such as electricity, water, gas and fuels efficiently.Identify the environmental risks and addressing the weaknesses. Helps the organisation to prevent the fines and penalties by fit to meet the environmental legislation,Indicating better risk manag ement to helps minimising the insurance costs.Operational/ inheringImprove the performance and efficiency in generalConstrict the production processes, minimise in the risk of incidents and produce better efficiencyEliminate unforeseen and consistency by controlling the disruption and wasteStaffs responsibility are clarified clearlyInternal communications and morale improvedExternalExpress as innovative and forward thinking approachLead to better public perception of the organization and a warlike advantage, furthermore to improve sales opportunitiesLead to better community awareness of the impact of the construction activities on the local residents such as noise, smell, dust, vibration, etc.Demonstrate commitment to the environment and provide confidence to the customers, trade partners, stakeholders, regulators and local authorityIn addition, the implementing of ISO 14001 gives a lot of benefits such as protection of the environment cut operating costs increased access to mark ets demonstrated compliance with regulations improve environmental performance improved customer trust and satisfaction enhanced incorporate image and credibility employee involvement and education and potential impact on world trade to allow competition on an equal basis (George Ofori et al, 2000).3.5 Environmental Management System (EMS) Do It Yourself (D.I.Y.) Schemes by CIDBEMS DIY Schemes is a part of the effective communication plan to be jointly executed by CIDB and Stakeholders, it was designed for disposed(p) the significant richness of external accreditation which encouraging the construction companies to attain the ISO 140012004 certification. This scheme has two certifications which are ISO 14001 EMS Certificate and the CIDB EMS Certificate.However, there are 3 main objectives which to be achieved by the CIDB as listed belowProvide formal recognition of certified contractors on commitment to excellence environmental managementConvenient the employers of the contractor s such as JKR, housing developers and local authorities to select certified contractors, who have practicing commitment to excellence environmental managementProvide CIDB with an index for monitoring and reporting the general environmental management awareness and practice of Malaysian contractors, as reflected in the annual number of contractors certified to the two EMS certification schemes.The overall aim of these schemes is to pay the Malaysian contractors with a cost-effective program in order to improve their performance up to a standardised level as well as in developed countries. Meanwhile, it also helps to assist the contractors to upgrade their environmental management performance throughout the EMS certification programs.At first, the contractor has to attend the EMS Awareness design which consists of 3 module, such as faculty AP1, AP2 and AP3 in order to choose whether CIDB EMS testimony Program or ISO 14001 EMS support Program. This allow the contractor to understa nd regarding Why, How and Benefits or Implementing Systematic Environmental Management before selecting either one of the EMS Programs by CIDB. Besides, an EMS Awareness Training Certificate will be issued by the CIDB to the participant after(prenominal) the completion of 3 training modules in the EMS Awareness Program. After that, it is a condition precedent to carry on either one of the two EMS D.I.Y. Programs by CIDB and 3 months will be given the participants to decide after completion of EMS Awareness Program. The following table shows the EMS Awareness Program.Table Environmental Management System Awareness Program (CIDB, 2007)PhasePeriodMilestonesActivities action at law byMan-day view asEnvironmental Awareness and Education2 monthsTraining Module AP1Environmental Issues Malaysia Environmental PolicyIntroduction to CIDB- D.I.Y Scheme.Introduction to Global Environmental Problems and Management Issues.Introduction to Malaysian environmental management policiesConsultant1Tr aining Module AP2Introduction to ISO 14001 EMSIntroduction to ISO 140012004 EMS Standard and the Requirements.Strategic EMS Implementation envision.Consultant1Training Module AP3Malaysia Environmental Legal Regulatory RequirementsAwareness of the current environmental legal and regulatory requirements in the Malaysian construction industryTo identify legal and other requirements and develop appropriate Legal RegisterConsultant1 summarise Man-day33.5.1 CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. ProgramCIDB EMS assay-mark Program is an EMS Program under CIDB EMS DIY Scheme which takes 6 months from Phase 1 to 4 as shown in the table below. However, the participant must undergo the EMS Awareness Program before undertake this program and it only allows the CIDB registered contractors from Class G1-G6. Conversely, Class G7 contractors are only permitted to participant for ISO 14001 EMS Certification. There are some conditions in implementation of the EMS required such as, the first year shall be for one on-going project, second year shall be for three on-going projects, third and subsequent year shall be for all projects. Meanwhile, the name of all projects involved in the implementation of EMS shall be included in the CIDB EMS certificate and annual variation of the certificate is depend on the compliance satisfaction with the annual EMS audit requirements. The action plan of the CIDB EMS Certification Program is shown as belowTable CIDB EMS Certification Program Processes (CIDB, 2007)PhasePeriodMilestonesActivitiesAction byMan-day SupportEMS Planning Documentation2 MonthsTraining Module CP1EMS PlanTraining to chisel in the EMS Plan (Content and Implementation Steps).Development of the EMS Plan.Consultant2 affirmer ActivityPrepare EMS Plancontractile organs to break the EMS Plan Submit to Consultants for evaluation.ContractorEvaluation of EMS Plan0.5 MonthModule CP2On-site Evaluation of the EMS PlanOn-Site review the EMS Plan interview key staffs.Identify the EMS Implem entation Project (minimum 1 construction project). purpose improvements.Contractor1Contractor ActivityTake Corrective ActionBased on evaluation findings, contractor takes appropriate corrective action and indemnity the necessary documentation.ContractorImplementation of EMS Plan2.5 MonthsContractor ActivityImplementing the EMS PlanContractor implements the EMS Plan (Office and minimum 1 construction project).ContractorModule CP3/CP4/CP5Consultancy Support on the EMS Plan ImplementationConsultant will visit the contractor monthly to provide on-site implementation advices and supports.Consultant3CIDB canvas1 MonthModule CP6CIDB EMS Certification canvassCIDB Appointed Auditor performs the EMS Certification Audit.CIDB Appointed Auditor1Contractor ActivityTake Corrective ActionTake corrective actions to close out the non-conformance found in the Audit.Submit corrective action plan to Auditor.ContractorAwardAward of CIDB EMS CertificationCertification Award after review of the correcti ve action plan.TOTAL MAN-DAYS7 DAYSRegistration Fee and PaymentThe table below states the overall adaptation fees to be paid. The payments are separated into 2 stages upon the start of the respective phases. Meanwhile, the registration fees need to be paid upon the Stage 1 (EMS Awareness Program). However, these payments are excluded the modification and travel fees of the participants.Table CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. Program Fee and Payment (CIDB, 2007)CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. ProgramTotal Fee RM 8,500.00Payment in 2 StagesPhasesMain-DaysPayment by ContractorsEnvironmental Awareness Education3Stage 1EMS Planning and DocumentationEvaluation of EMS Plan3Stage 2Implementation of EMS PlanCIDB Audit31It also covers the followingAward of CIDB EMS Certificate3.5.2 ISO 14001 EMS Certificate D.I.Y. ProgramISO 14001 EMS Certification Program under CIDB EMS DIY Scheme is an EMS Program by CIDB. It takes 10 months to complete from Phase 1 to 6 and it is open to every contractors. Table b elow shows the ISO 14001 EMS Certification Processes.Table ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) Certification ProgramPhasePeriodMilestonesActivitiesAction byMan-day SupportEMS Appreciation0.5 MonthsTraining Module IP1ISO 14001 EMS briefing for Top ManagementPresentation to Top Management on the EMS Objectives, Benefits, Roles and Responsibilities.Consultant0.5EMS Planning2.5 MonthsTraining Module IP2Environmental Policy, Aspects Significant ImpactsTraining on methods to identify and develop Environmental Aspects Impacts.Decide Criteria and Methodology for ascertain Significant Impacts.Consultant1.5Contractor ActivityPrepare Policy, Legal Environmental Aspects Register, Implementation PlanContractor to prepare the Environmental Policy, Legal Registers and Environmental Aspects Impacts Register.Contractor to plan develop and implementation plan and milestones.ContractorModule IP3On-site Review mention on Policy, Legal Aspects RegisterAssessment of current EMS bill et against ISO 140012004 other legal requirements.Review the Implementation Plan Approach for the EMS implementationConsultant2Training Module IP 4Objectives, Targets, KPI EMPIntroduction to importance and formulation in establishing the objectives, targets, Key carry outance Indication (KPI) and Environmental Management Program (EMP).Consultant1Contractor ActivityPrepare Objectives, Targets EMPContractor to prepare the environmental Objectives, Targets, KPI and EMP.ContractorModule IP5On-site Review Consultation on Objectives, Targets, KPI EMPConsultant to review and finalise the Objectives, Targets, KPI and EMP established.Consultant1Documentation EMS Implementation 12.5 MonthsModule IP6Off-site Preparation of EMS manual of arms Procedures GuidelinesOff-site Preparation of Guidelines for EMS Manual Procedures specific to the contractors organisation.Consultant1Training Module IP7ISO 14001 EMS Documentation ImplementationIntroduce and develop the EMS documentation (Manua l, Procedures) and implementation programme.Softcopies provided for the Environmental System operational procedures and forms.Consultant1Contractor ActivityEMS Documentation ImplementationContractor to prepare EMS Manual Procedures based on Consultants guidelines information provided. The template formats provided on computer disk will be used.Initiate EMS Implementation Collect the initial data.ContractorModule IP8On-site Review Finalise the EMS Manual ProceduresOn-site Review Consultation on EMS Manual Procedures. Amend the documents if necessary.Consultant1Stage 1 AuditDocumentation AuditThird Party Certification Bodys Auditor conducts Documentation Audit.Certification BodyContractor ActivityTake Corrective actionBased on audit findings, contractor takes appropriate corrective action and amends the necessary documentation.ContractorDocumentation EMS Implementation 21.5 MonthsContractor Activity endure EMS implementationContinue implementing the procedures and programmes as planned e.g. Records, monitoring data, training etc. as per tasks outlined.ContractorModule IP9On-Site Consultation on Implementation throw outOn-site Monitoring Consultation on Implementation of Procedures and EMP to ensure the implementation programmes are properly in place and utilised. Consultant to provide hands on guidance.Contractor1Checking Management Review2 MonthsTraining Module IP10ISO 14001 EMS Internal Auditor TrainingConduct ISO 14001 EMS Internal Auditor Training to provide skills and knowledge on how to conduct internal audit and becoming a competent internal auditor.Consultant2Contractor ActivityConduct Internal Audit Take Corrective ActionsContractor to conduct internal audit to identify gaps in the systems.Auditor to prepare internal audit report and issue corrective actions request if required.Responsible personnel to take appropriate corrective actions.ContractorModule IP11On-site Monitoring Consultation on Internal Audit and Corrective actions takenTo check and review EMS Implementation progress and provide hands on guidance.To close out the Corrective Action Requests.Consultant1Contractor ActivityConduct Management ReviewConduct Management Review to communicate and review EMS performance improvements plans.ContractorModule IP12On-site Consultation on EMS Implementation Site ReadinessOn-site Monitoring Consultation on Management Review and EMP.Check site condition.Consultant1Contractor ActivityFinalise EMS and Ensure Site ReadinessContractor to finalise EMS and ensure Site Readiness.ContractorPre-Assessment1 MonthModule IP13On-site Pre-AssessmentPerform Pre-certification assessment to determine the conformity of the EMS implementation.Identify improvement opportunities and present pre-assessment audit

Cognizable And Non Cognizable Offences Law Essay

Cognizable And Non Cognizable Offences Law EssayCognizable rudenesss view as been delimitate nether office 2 (c) of the fell Procedure ordinance as follows cognizable offensive means an offence for which, and cognizable model means a case in which, a police officer may, in accordance with the scratch Schedule or under any early(a) law for the time being in force, layover without warrant.A non-cognizable offence has been defined under Section 2 (l) of the Criminal Procedure Code as follows, non-cognizable offence means an offence for which, and non-cognizable case means a case in which, a police officer has no authority to arrest without warrant.Now which offence f everys under the family line of cognizable offences and which f wholes under the category of non-cognizable offences can be learnd as per the classification given in the First Schedule of the Criminal Procedure Code. The First Schedule has classified all acts punishable under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 into C ognizable and non-cognizable offences. Although the Code in itself does not give any reasoning as to this classification, certain patterns can be traced if the First schedule is studied cargonfully. All offences which have a punishment of to a greater extent(prenominal) than 3 years under the Indian Penal Code are considered to be cognizable offences and all offences which have a punishment of little than 3 years are non-cognizable offences. Subsequently, it can be deduced that non-cognizable offences are relatively less serious in nature than cognizable offences.Consequently, in case of cognizable offences, the police officers can arrest the charge person without any warrant or authority issued by a magistrate. They can initiate investigation on their own accord and they neednt wait for the prior permission of a magistrate. In fact, they have a legal duty to initiate investigations. This duty has been endowed upon them by Section 156(1) of the Criminal Procedure code which reads Any officer in dash of a police station may, without the order of a Magistrate, investigate any cognizable case which a Court having jurisdiction over the local neighborhood within the limits of such station would have power to inquire into or try under the provisions of Chapter XIII. Section 156 (2) further reads, No proceeding of a police officer in any such case shall at any stage be called in question on the ground that the case was one which such officer was not empowered under this section to investigate.On the different hand, police officers necessarily need prior permission of a magistrate to initiate investigations in cases of non-cognizable offences. Non cognizable offences are considered more in the nature of private wrongs and in that locationfore the collection of evidence and the prosecution of offender are left over(p) to the initiative and efforts of private citizens.Bailable and Non-bailable offencesSection 2 (a) of the Criminal Procedure Code defines bailable and non-bailable offences as an offence which is shown as bailable in the First Schedule, or which is made bailable by any other law for the time being in force and non-bailable offence means any other offence In here too, the code does not give any reason as to on what criteria has such classification been based upon. It just lays bring a seemingly arbitrary classification of the same. However, it can be logically deduced that all serious offences are non-bailable whereas all less serious offences are bailable.Similarly, all offences which have a punishment of more than 3 years under the Indian Penal Code are considered to be non-bailable offences and all offences which have a punishment of less than 3 years are bailable offences. This too is subject to the exception of existence of a contrary law. If a person accused of a bailable offence is arrested or detained without warrant he has a right to be released on bail. In case he is accused of a non-bailable offence, then his bail is subject to the discretion by the authorities.Warrant case and Summons CaseAccording to Section 2 (x) of the Criminal Procedure Code, a warrant-case means a case relating to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years.According to Section 2 (w) of the Criminal Procedure Code, a summons case means a case relating to an offence, not being a warrant case.This classification helps to determine the type of trial procedure to be adopted in the case. Naturally, the trial procedure in case of a warrant case is much more elaborate than that of a summons case. This classification is also useful at the stage of issuing process to the accused person in the first instance.CHAPTER II NEED FOR RECLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCESThe current classification of offences has been a major cause for the high incidence of arbitrary and unnecessary arrest in our country. The scheme of classification is overaged and redundant.There is a serious need for revaluation for the classification between cognizable and non-cognizable and bailable and non-bailable offences. The nature and quantum of punishment attached to these offences also needs to be revaluated. It is not that the idea for reclassification has never come up before, but given the present situation of our judicial system, it becomes all the more relevant that it be through with(p) now. For instance, many minor offences against property are still classified as non-bailable, whereas it is evident that classifying them as compoundable offences and relying on methods such as plea-bargaining may be more effective and agreeable to address the injury caused by the same1.Also, it has been noted that the major portion of the backlog cases in the courts consists of regulatory offences such as set on of cheques, traffic violations, etc. Now, these acts were made offences under special laws whereby the legislature had felt that in lieu of public policy, these acts were better off cl assified as vile even though they are more akin to civil wrongs. However, the fact that they will create a maximum backlog was envisaged by neither party. Hence, there is a need for an informed study and revaluation of criminal laws. It has been suggested that the offences be classified into a) The Social Welfare Code, b) The Correctional Code, c) The Criminal code and d) the Economic and other offences code.This approach of classifying the offences as per their nature is considered to be far more useful than a blanket categorization of offences. This re-classification is proposed to be done on the basis of the gravitation of the offences, appropriate procedures for investigation and dispute-resolution as well as the proportionate nature and quantum of fines and punishments.CHAPTER III RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MALIMATH COMMITTEEConsidering the need for reclassification of offences, the Malimath committee gave the following recommendations for the same.Its primary recommendation was to collide with the distinction between cognizable and non-cognizable offences and make it obligatory on the Police to investigate all offences in respect of which a complaint is made. However, this is not a very practical option as it will lead to a further backlog of cases and will increase the burden on the police.Section 262 of the Criminal Procedure Code provides for the procedure for summary trials, Section 263 provides for the record in summary trials and Section 264 provides for judgement in cases tried summarily. The Malimath committee recommended increasing the compute of cases falling within the category of cases trialable by following the summary procedure presented by Sections 262 to 264.It also recommended increasing the return of offences that fall under the category of petit larceny Offences which can be dealt with by following the procedure prescribed by Section 206 of the Code. Section 206 reads If, in the opinion of a Magistrate taking cognizance of a petty of fence, the case may be summarily disposed of under section 260, the Magistrate shall, except where he is, for reasons to be recorded in writing of a contrary opinion, issue summons to the accused requiring him either to appear in person or by maintainer before the Magistrate on a stipulate date, or if he desires to plead guilty to the charge without appearing before the Magistrate, to transmit before the specified date, by post or by courier to the Magistrate, the said plea in writing and the amount of fine specified in the summons or if he desires to appear by proponent and to plead guilty to the charge through such pleader, to authorise, in writing, the pleader to plead guilty to the charge on his behalf and to pay the fine through such pleader Provided that the amount of the fine specified in such summons shall not exceed one hundred rupees.(2) For the purposes of this section, petty offence means any offence punishable only with fine not exceeding one thousand rupees, but does not include any offence so punishable under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939, (4 of 1939) or under any other law which provides for convicting the accused person in his absence on a plea of guilty.It advocated increasing the issuance of offences, for which an arrest neednt be made and increasing the number of offences where arrest can be made only with the order of the court and reducing the number of cases where arrest can be made without an order or warrant form the Magistrate.The Malimath committee further recommended increasing the number of offences which are bailable and reducing the number of offences which are not bailable.A compoundable offence is one in which the trial court can compound the offence and dispose the case without trial. A non-compoundable offence is an offence in which the court cannot compound the case without trial. A compoundable offence is always a lesser degree offence punishable with a shorter confine term or fine. The Malimath Committee recommended inc reasing the number of offences that can be brought within the category of compoundable offences, to encourage settlements without trials.CONCLUSION

Descartes and the Existence of God Essay -- essays papers

Descartes and the Existence of GodOnce Descartes has realized that he can be with certainty that I exist is true, he continues to build on his foundation of truths. The truth about the nature of God, proof of Gods existence, and the nature of physical objects are considered, among others, after Descartes proves his existence. Descartes principal task in the Meditations was to devise a system that would bring him to the truth. He wanted to build a foundation from which each further philosophical inquiry could be built. It was essential that his beliefs were sound. If any one of them were at all in doubt, then it put the credibility of the whole social system of knowledge in jeopardy. I will discuss a few of the topics Descartes analyzes after his epiphany of existence. Throughout the essay, I will raise some doubts that I fool pertaining to Descartes conclusions as well.In his second meditation, when Descartes pushes the method of doubt to its fullest extent, several truths surv ive since these cannot be doubted Descartes must know them. The first of these is that I exist. The second truth, when Descartes asks what am I? caught my attention. I found it odd that he tests potential answers by asking whether he can doubt them. The test appears strange because ones power to doubt something doesnt normally show that it is false. If I can doubt that I have the hairiest legs at West Virginia University, does it follow that I do not? It is later when Descartes rephrases his answer, and so his question, in terms of what is inseparable from my nature, that I realized that the question was special. When he proceeds to say I am now admitting slide fastener except what is necessarily true, I finally saw that the apparent... ...a cause, and since I am imperfect, the idea has to have been originated from a perfect source or God. In Descartes cosmogonic Proof of God, I understand that the cause of an idea must have as much formal reality as the objective reality of the idea. I also understand that the idea has infinite objective reality. However, I am not fully convinced that it is impossible for a mortal, finite person to recall the idea of a finite being and continually think upward, forming the idea that there is a being that is supreme to themselves. Descartes epiphany of I exist, I am was the particle accelerator for the exploration of the issues he discusses in Meditations. Although I find problems in some instances of his reasoning, I realize that he has provided answers through his Method of Doubt that have endured the ages and cease us to continue to ponder their truth today.

The Internet :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Introduction Welcome to a world beyond reality a world ripe of problems, promise, and possibilities. You are now in hyperreality, virtual reality, or cyberspace. It is whatever you want it to be. The Internet is like a highway, feeding small communities and large cities, and connecting their loops, backroads and alleyways (Estrada XU). In new(prenominal) words, the Internet is a network of networks-a web that connects a vast number of computers. Wait Dont give up yet, its easier than you think. Using the Internet isnt rocket science. An knowledge base that was once only for researchers is now used by a wide range of people from elementary students to farmers. The internet is an interactive environment. In her book, The Internet helper Plus, Tracy Laqey gives the difference between television and the Internet by saying that when it comes to television, we are only the watchers, but with the Internet we are the reporters, the viewers, and the production team (3). The Internet has rattling few restrictions these days, so for the most part you are free to do and say whatever you choose. It is the value of what you say, not who you are, that gets people to listen. The Internet is an open and communion environment (3), as well as a complicated environment. With every involved endeavor a certain amount of information is required to to the full enjoy and benefit from the experience. As for the Internet, this information is at first overwhelming. Lets put aside the details of connecting the systems and the technicalities and concentrate on the actual usage of the web. The internet has do our lives easier through ingenious inventions like computerized card catalogs and e-mail. But, in order to fully understand this huge system, we must first know where it came from. The Internet had a nonaged start as ARPANET, a U.S. Defense Department network, and was designed to withstand a nuclear bomb attack. Information could be put in more different places to avoid a cent ralized storage of information. It was later split into two networks, and from one of these networks the Internet was born. Today the Internet has evolved into a monster. In their book, The mosaic Handbook, Dale Dougherty, Richard Koman, and Paula Ferguson describe the Internet as a cultural icon . . . it has come to represent what the future looks like today (2). The possibilities are endless, and although we wont list them all here, we go away introduce a few.